Giardiasis in NSW: Identification of Giardia duodenalis assemblages contributing to human and cattle cases, and an epidemiological assessment of sporadic human giardiasis

Asher, Amy J.; Hose, Grant C.; Power, Michelle

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.051

Cited by 17 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 23 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Assemblages A and E are common amongst sheep and cattle in Australia with assemblage E the most dominant assemblage in hoofed animals (Nolan et al 2010;Ng et al 2011;Abeywardena et al 2013;Yang et al 2014;Asher et al 2016). In the present study, the individuals that were positive for Assemblage E were experiencing diarrhoea, came from both rural and urban areas and shed variable levels of cysts in their feces.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

“…Sub-assemblages AI and AII are found in both humans and animals, with sub-assemblage AI preferentially found in livestock and pets, whereas sub-assemblage AII is predominantly found in humans (Sprong et al 2009). Previous studies in Australia have also reported that AII is the predominant sub-assemblage in humans (Yang et al 2010b;Asher et al 2016). It is also the dominant sub-assemblage in sheep across Australia (Yang et al 2014) and therefore zoonotic transmission of AII is possible.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Furthermore, acute giardiasis may disable patients for extended periods and can elicit protracted post-infectious syndromes, including irritable bowel syndrome and chronic fatigue (Hanevik et al 2014). In Australia, the overall prevalence is ∼2 to 7%, with a steady increase of reports each year (Asher et al 2016). Giardia is responsible for ∼614, 740 sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis per year in Australia and a disease burden of 4·3 disability-adjusted life years (Gibney et al 2014).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SUMMARYLittle is known about the genetic diversity of the protozoan parasite, Giardia duodenalis, infecting humans in Queensland, Australia. The present study typed 88 microscopically Giardia-positive isolates using assemblage-specific primers at the triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) gene and sequenced a subset of isolates at the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) gene (n = 30) and tpi locus (n = 27). Using the tpi-assemblage specific primers, G. duodenalis assemblage A and assemblage B were detected in 50% (44/88) and 38·6% (34/88) of samples, respectively. Mixed infections with assemblages A and B were identified in 4·5% (4/88) and assemblage E was identified in 6·8% (6/88) of samples. Sequence analysis at the gdh and tpi loci also confirmed the presence of assemblage E in these isolates. Cyst numbers per gram of feces (g−1) were determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction and of the isolates that were typed as assemblage E, cyst numbers ranged 13·8–68·3 × 106 cysts g−1. This is the first report of assemblage E in humans in Australia, indicating that in certain settings, this assemblage may be zoonotic.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 50%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

2017

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…It has been reported that assemblages A and B are able to infect humans [56]. Interestingly, these assemblages have been reported from wild animals under conditions of captivity [57], and from cattle [58]. bLf, bLfcin, hLf and human Lfcin (hLfcin) showed a lytic effect on Giardia trophozoites.…”

Section: In Vitro Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lactoferrin: A Powerful Antimicrobial Protein Present in Milk

Luna-Castro¹,

Samaniego-Barrón²,

Serrano-Rubio³

et al. 2017

J Adv Dairy Res

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Lactoferrin (Lf) is an iron-chelating glycoprotein present in milk and mucosal secretions, a component of the mammalian innate immune system. Lf is microbiostatic and microbicidal. Lf can reduce the bacterial expression of virulence factors, such as those involved in biofilm production and protease secretion. The high identity among mammalian Lf sequences facilitates its use in human and veterinary medicine. Lf of bovine origin is the principal Lf used due to its commercial availability through purification from milk whey; recombinant Lfs (bovine, human, and porcine) have been used as well. Lf is a stable protein that retains its physicochemical characteristics under gastric pH conditions, and in most cases it is bioactive even after digestion; thus, the incorporation of Lf into diets facilitates its administration to animals. The aim of this review is to examine original research in which the effects of bovine and porcine Lf on pathogens of domestic animals have been demonstrated through in vitro and in vivo assays, with the purpose of ascertaining the benefits that Lf provides in the treatment of infectious diseases.

show abstract

“…The assemblage E is dominant in ruminants, and was predominant in cattle in studies conducted in Germany, the UK, Italy, the US, Canada, Australia, and Brazil (SANTÍN et al, 2009;BUDU-AMOAKO et al, 2012;GEURDEN et al, 2012;PAZ E SILVA et al, 2012;ASHER et al, 2016). Despite the fact that assemblage E represents high host specificity, a study conducted in Australia identified it in the feces of the residents of urban and rural areas, who presented with diarrhea, suggesting a possible zoonotic transmission of this assemblage (ZAHEDI et al, 2017).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Bovine Giardiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Toledo

Martins

Freire

2017

SCA

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. Key words: Sanitation. Giardia duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum. Zoonosis. Rural areas. Molecular characterization. ResumoA água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológicos auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.

show abstract

Giardiasis in NSW: Identification of Giardia duodenalis assemblages contributing to human and cattle cases, and an epidemiological assessment of sporadic human giardiasis

Cited by 17 publications

References 23 publications

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

Molecular typing ofGiardia duodenalisin humans in Queensland – first report of Assemblage E

Lactoferrin: A Powerful Antimicrobial Protein Present in Milk

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About