Germanium, Ge, ein neues, nichtmetallisches Element

Winkler, Clemens

doi:10.1002/cber.18860190156

Cited by 75 publications

(24 citation statements)

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“…Critical reactions for structural stability are given in eqn (5), (11) and (12) for A = Li, Na or Cu, respectively: Na 7Àx PS 6Àx X x 2 xNaX + (2 À x)Na 2 S + Na 3 PS 4 (11) Cu 7Àx PS 6Àx X x 2 xCuX + (0.5 À 0.25x)Cu + (0.5 À 0.25x)Cu 7 S 4 + Cu 3 PS 4 (12) Fig. 8 Site energies and activation barriers between neighbouring sites in sulphide and selenide argyrodites.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and ionic mobility in argyrodite-related lithium-ion solid electrolytes

Chen

Adams

2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

118

109

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In the search for fast lithium-ion conducting solids for the development of safe rechargeable all-solid-state batteries with high energy density, thiophosphates and related compounds have been demonstrated to be particularly promising both because of their record ionic conductivities and their typically low charge transfer resistances. In this work we explore a wide range of known and predicted thiophosphates with a particular focus on the cubic argyrodite phase with a robust three-dimensional network of ion migration pathways. Structural and hydrolysis stability are calculated employing density functional method in combination with a generally applicable method of predicting the relevant critical reaction. The activation energy for ion migration in these argyrodites is then calculated using the empirical bond valence pathway method developed in our group, while bandgaps of selected argyrodites are calculated as a basis for assessing the electrochemical window. Findings for the lithium compounds are also compared to those of previously known copper argyrodites and hypothetical sodium argyrodites. Therefrom, guidelines for experimental work are derived to yield phases with the optimum balance between chemical stability and ionic conductivity in the search for practical lithium and sodium solid electrolyte materials.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stability and ionic mobility in argyrodite-related lithium-ion solid electrolytes

Chen

Adams

2015

Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys.

118

109

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“…In 1871, the salient properties of the undiscovered element were predicted by the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev (Weeks, 1932), who called it ekasilicon (beyond silicon). In 1886, the element was isolated from the silver sulfide mineral argyrodite (Ag 8 GeS 6 ) and described by the German chemist Clemens Winkler (1886), who named it germanium, after his native country. More than one-half century elapsed after the isolation of germanium before its first commercial use in diodes and transistors was developed.…”

Section: Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

Germanium and indium

Shanks¹,

Kimball²,

Tolcin³

et al. 2017

Professional Paper

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“…Although it was the mineral argyrodite (Ag 8 GeS 6 ) from which Winkler first isolated germanium (Winkler 1886a) no significant deposits exist for this mineral. Argyrodite as mined in Freiberg, Germany, contains from 1.8 to 6.9% germanium.…”

Section: Physical and Chemical Properties Of Germaniummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He concluded correctly that the ore must, therefore, contain an element that was not known up to that time, and he described this in the following words of his original publication: ''After several weeks of painstaking search, I can now state definitely: argyrodite contains a new element, very similar to antimony and yet sharply distinguished from it, to which the name ''germanium'' shall be given. Its discovery was connected with much difficulty and painful doubt because the minerals that accompanied argyrodite contained arsenic and antimony; their great resemblance to germanium and the absence of methods for separation were extremely disturbing'' (Winkler 1886a). In the same year, Winkler was able to produce elemental germanium by reduction of the sulphide isolated from argyrodite (Winkler 1886b).…”

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confidence: 99%

Germanium: environmental occurrence, importance and speciation

Rosenberg

2008

Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol

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This review discusses the various aspects of the bio-geochemistry of germanium, and of its technological, economical and environmental importance. Despite the relatively low annual production and consumption of this semi-metal (ca. 80 metric tons/a) there are important technological applications of this element in the semiconductor, infrared optics and fibre optics/telecommunication industries. A small, but not insignificant fraction of this element is used for the production of pharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements, although its actual merits have not been fully demonstrated yet, while they are opposed to chronic toxicity of the element when being administrated at relatively high doses for an extended period of time. Neither the exact mechanism of action in the case of cancer treatment or the treatment of infectious diseases is known, nor the reason for the toxicity of inorganic species of this element. In plants, Ge can partially substitute for B in the case of boron deficiency, although deficiency symptoms are still seen with a lag period of ca. one to three weeks. In biogeochemical respect, germanium and silicon react very similar, as if Ge were a very heavy isotope of Si. Their molar ratio is typically in the order of 0.6 9 10 -6 , with significant deviations only where germanium is complexed and transported, e.g., by humic-rich waters. Germanium is a very conservative element in biogeochemical terms: It hardly shows involvement in any biogeochemical reaction cycles and is mainly present in the form of complexes or hydroxo-compounds of the tetravalent germanium. The only naturally occurring organogermanium compounds are mono-and dimethylgermanium which are believed to be formed by microbiological activity in continental zones containing Ge-rich minerals, and then are leached into rivers, and finally into the open sea. It becomes evident that, although very sophisticated technological uses of germanium exist, a better understanding of its biogeochemical importance, cycling and reactivity must still be developed.

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Germanium, Ge, ein neues, nichtmetallisches Element

Cited by 75 publications

References 0 publications

Stability and ionic mobility in argyrodite-related lithium-ion solid electrolytes

Stability and ionic mobility in argyrodite-related lithium-ion solid electrolytes

Germanium and indium

Germanium: environmental occurrence, importance and speciation

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