Geology and Genesis of the Major Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Iron Ore Deposits of India

Mukhopadhyay, Joydip; Gutzmer, Jens; Beukes, N. J.; Bhattacharya, H. N.

doi:10.5382/rev.15.11

Cited by 14 publications

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“…The Iron Ore Group (IOG) of rocks are low-grade greenstone successions and comprise banded iron formation (BIF), mafic-felsic volcanic rocks, ultramafic rocks, chert, shale and minor carbonates (Jones, 1934;Acharyya, 1993;Saha, 1994;Mukhopadhyay, 2001;Ghosh and Mukhopadhyay, 2007;Beukes et al, 2008). The IOG is the most important repository of the BIF-hosted, high-grade hematitic iron ore deposits of India (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2008b). These BIF-bearing volcano-sedimentary successions occur as three detached belts along the western (Noamundi-Koira), eastern (Gorumahisani-Badampahar) and southern (Tamka-Daitari) peripheries of the Singhbhum Granite massif and are informally known as the western, eastern and southern IOGs (Saha, 1994) (Figure 1).…”

Section: Geology Of the Singhbhum Cratonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3.51 Ga bimodal volcanics‐BIF‐ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent

et al. 2011

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The Palaeoarchaean greenstone belt of the southern Iron Ore Group (SIOG) (3.51 Ga) in the Singhbhum Craton, eastern India, includes lowstrained and low-greenstone grade bimodal volcanics, Banded Iron Formation (BIF) and chromiferous ultramafics as enclaves within tonalitetrondjhemite-granodiorite (TTG) granitoids, collectively referred to as the Singhbhum Granite (3.4 Ga to 3.1 Ga). The succession comprises, from base to top, a lower unit of massive and pillowed basalt conformably overlain by dacitic lava and pyroclastics which in turn is overlain by a major BIF unit. The ultramafics are juxtaposed with the volcanics-BIF succession along a thrust fault. The lithological association of pillow lava, subaqueous dacitic lava and pyroclastic rocks and BIF collectively, suggests that the entire succession was deposited in a deep-marine depositional setting. The ash-poor dacitic volcanic rock succession with evidences of a transition from suppressed-volatile deep-water lava flow and pyroclastics to more evolved mass-flow deposits with increasing trend of subaqueous flow transformation, records a transition from a deep-water low-height volcanic chain to a shallower subaqueous eruption in an aggradational volcanic chain. Geochemical proxies from the bimodal volcanics and ultramafics showing enrichment of La/Nb, Th/Nb, Th/La, Ba/La, Pb/Ce, depletion in Nb-Ta relative to neighbouring REE, together with tectonic discrimination criteria using Nb, Y, Zr, Ti compositions, suggest an extending oceanic arc-forearc geodynamic setting similar to many of the Phanerozoic supra-subduction zone ophiolites where ophiolite development in the extending upper plate in a relatively short time span is facilitated by slab rollback processes. The positive Eu-anomaly together with high Y/Ho values from the BIFs also suggests their deposition in close proximity to spreading centres that might have developed over a rifted arc. The bimodal volcanic rock-BIF-ultramafic succession of the SIOG with evidence of a convergent margin geodynamic setting is an important example for Palaeoarchaean plate tectonic processes operating on Earth.

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Section: Geology Of the Singhbhum Cratonmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 3.51 Ga bimodal volcanics‐BIF‐ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent

et al. 2011

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“…Some of the felsic volcanic rocks of the southern IOG basin are characterized by high K 2 O contents (>5 wt%) with very low Na 2 O contents (0.29-0.41 wt%) and highly fractionated REE patterns (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012). The southerly dipping sequence has massive or pillowed metabasalt and interbanded chert in the basal part which is overlain by a thick unit of dacitic lava flows and pyroclastic rocks followed by BIF (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2008a(Mukhopadhyay et al, , 2012. The southern contact of this supracrustal belt with the Sukinda ultramafic complex is tectonic.…”

Section: Iog Metavolcanic Rocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Architecture and Evolution of the Singhbhum Craton

Mukhopadhyay

Matin

2020

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The Singhbhum Craton is built up by successive pulses of discrete granitic magmatism at ~3.52 Ga, Ga that produced tonalitetrondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG)-type suites and were followed by younger pulses at 3. Ga producing voluminous granitic-granodioritic magma. There is enough evidence to indicate that continental crust building activity started in the Hadean time and continued through Eoarchean. But the rocks of this period were fully recycled to generate the Paleoarchean and younger crust. The different pulses of granitic magmatism during the Paleoarchean were interspersed with the formation of supracrustal rocks which are now preserved as supracrustal belts peripheral to the craton or as internal screens within the craton. Halfnium isotopic record suggests that the Hadean and Eoarchean granitoids were sourced in an enriched reservoir, probably some form of early mafic protocrust. From ~3.6-3.5 Ga a shift in the isotopic composition of Hf is noticed, marked by upward excursion of ε Hf(t) plots towards suprachondritic values, signifying that the early mantle reservoir was serially modified by contamination by a juvenile melt derived from a depleted source. This probably signals a change in the geodynamic scenario, major depletion of the mantle and generation of voluminous TTG melts. There are contending hypotheses of plume-driven and subduction-driven mechanisms of continental crust formation. In the Singhbhum Craton during Hadean and Eoarchean times episodic mantle plumes probably operated in a stagnant lid tectonic setting. Repeated plume activities and the formation of oceanic plateaus might have triggered the onset of subduction which at the initial stages might have been of short duration. The transition from plume-driven tectonics to subduction-driven tectonics might have taken place at about 3.5 Ga. The supracrustal belts of the Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) and the Iron Ore Group (IOG) are thought to have formed in supra-subduction settings. Widespread metamorphism and deformation affected the craton during 3.34-3.26 Ga. By 3.1 Ga the Singhbhum Craton had stabilized and emerged as a landmass. Paleosols developed on the surface; rift basins were formed which were receptacles of siliciclastic sediments and mafic volcanics; anorogenic K-feldspar bearing granites were emplaced. Swarms of mafic dykes of Paleo-to Meso-Proterozoic age intruded the craton marking a tensional regime that was probably related to the initial stage of basin formation in the North Singhbhum Mobile Belt.

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“…The geological framework of the Meso to Neo-Archean (~3.3 Ga) iron ore deposits of Singhbhum-Orissa region was established by different workers from time to time [5,6,20,21]. The SOIOC is the oldest Archean nucleus of eastern India, a major part of which is occupied by Singhbhum granitic batholithic complex.…”

Section: Regional Geologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About 36% (170 MT) of the India's iron ore production comes from eastern India. Views regarding genesis, structural set up and depositional mechanism of these deposits have been proposed by several workers [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. Some workers have argued in favor of a sedimentary chemogenic origin for the banded iron formations (BIFs) while a volcanogenic input for the source of iron is suggested, based on the geochemistry [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some workers have argued in favor of a sedimentary chemogenic origin for the banded iron formations (BIFs) while a volcanogenic input for the source of iron is suggested, based on the geochemistry [8,9]. Extensive works have been carried out to understand the structural evolution and genesis of iron ore in regional scale [5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. In contrast, limited scientific studies have been conducted on geological controls of the banded hematite jasper (BHJ) hosted high-grade iron ore deposits at the Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu iron ore deposit (KMIOD) despite being the store house and major source of high-grade iron ore raw materials for different steel plants of India.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India

et al. 2017

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Numerous iron ore deposits are hosted within the Meso to Neo-Archean banded iron formations (BIFs) extending across the Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, eastern India. Despite the widespread distribution of BIFs, which forms part of the iron ore group (IOG), heterogeneity in their grade and mineral composition is occasionally observed even within a single ore deposit. Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu iron ore deposit (KMIOD), west Singhbhum district, Jharkhand, eastern India is characterized by a dominant hematite (often martitized) occurrence with a total resource of >150 million tonnes (MT) at 62.85 wt % Fe. Very high-grade blue dust ore (friable and powdery hematitewith~67% Fe), high-grade massive, hard laminated hematitic ores (~66% Fe) and medium to low grade goethitic/lateritic ores (50%-60% Fe) are the common iron-ore lithologies in KMIOD. These ores can be distinguished in the field from their physical appearance, meso-scale texture and spatial occurrences with the host rocks along with the variation in chemical composition. The high-grade ores are characterized by high Fe (>62 wt %), low Al 2 O 3 (1.5-2.5 wt %), low SiO 2 (2.0-4.5 wt %) and low P (<0.06 wt %). Detailed field studies and laboratory investigations on the ore mineral assemblages suggest that the mineralization of high-grade iron ores at KMIOD is controlled by three major parameters, i.e., lithological, paleoclimatic and structural controls. High-grade iron ores such as blue dust seem to be formed during leaching processes through inter-bedded ferruginous shale and banded hematite jasper (BHJ) occurring within BIFs. Structural elements such as folds, joint network, fracture arrays, local faults and steeply dipping bedding planes are surmised as strong controls for the evolution of different iron ore types from the BHJ. Most of the high-grade ores are concentrated at the hinge portions of second generation folds (F 2) owing to the easy access for circulation of meteoric solution along the fractures developed due to release of stresses at the hinge portions aided by supergene ore enrichment processes. The BHJ and interbedded ferruginous shale seem to have been given a significant contribution for the formation of different grades of iron ores over the area. Lithologically, the BIFs are governed by rheological features providing channel ways in the ore enrichment process. The variation in the iron ore mineralogy is caused by the variation in depositional and paleoclimatic environment, structural setting and lithological attributes. Hence, these parameters could be used for future exploration and grade recovery of iron ore resources in the region and in the adjoining areas.

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Geology and Genesis of the Major Banded Iron Formation-Hosted High-Grade Iron Ore Deposits of India

Cited by 14 publications

References 0 publications

A 3.51 Ga bimodal volcanics‐BIF‐ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent

A 3.51 Ga bimodal volcanics‐BIF‐ultramafic succession from Singhbhum Craton: implications for Palaeoarchaean geodynamic processes from the oldest greenstone succession of the Indian subcontinent

The Architecture and Evolution of the Singhbhum Craton

Geological Controls on High-Grade Iron Ores from Kiriburu-Meghahatuburu Iron Ore Deposit, Singhbhum-Orissa Craton, Eastern India

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