Geographical Discrimination of Croatian Wines by Stable Isotope Ratios and Multielemental Composition Analysis

Abstract

The δ18O and δ13C (analyzed by isotope ratio mass spectrometry, IRMS) and concentration of 22 selected elements (analyzed by inductively coupled plasma—optical emission spectrometry, ICP-OES) in 190 Croatian microvinified and commercial wine samples from continental and coastal winegrowing areas and from three viticultural zones (B, CI, and CII) were measured to investigate whether multivariate statistical methods could provide the fingerprint for geographical origin determination. The highest power for discrimination of wines produced in Croatian winegrowing areas was achieved by general discriminant analysis (GDA) showing correct classification of 97.9% of all investigated samples, 100.0% of microvinified samples and 84.8% of commercial samples in the cross-validation matrix. The most significant markers for discrimination of coastal and continental areas found by GDA were δ18O and Co, followed by K, Rb, Sn, Li, and δ13C in descending order. GDA showed higher levels of correctly classified samples from three viticultural zones in Croatia if only microvinified samples were employed in the analysis (94.9%) than for all samples together (86.3%) or for commercial samples (66.1%) in the cross-validation matrix. The discrimination of viticultural zones B, CI, and CII in Croatia was achieved by δ18O, Co, Rb, Li, K, and Sn. The results obtained showed that the relationships between the isotopic ratios and concentrations of different considered elements combined with appropriate statistical model represent a powerful tool in discrimination of wines produced in different Croatian winegrowing areas.

Application of benchtop total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and chemometrics in classification of origin and type of Croatian wines

“…The order according to the amount of elemental content in the wines is consistent with the trend previously reported by Fiket et al( Fiket et al, 2011 ) and Kment et al ( Kment et al, 2005 ). The observed concentration ranges for the majority of the metals studied was in agreement with the values for Croatian wines reported in the literature by other authors ( Bukovčan et al, 2008 , Šebečić et al, 1998 , Šeruga et al, 2008 , Leder et al, 2021 ). A good agreement was obtained between the results of our work and the recently published work of Leder et al ( Leder et al, 2021 ).…”

“…The observed concentration ranges for the majority of the metals studied was in agreement with the values for Croatian wines reported in the literature by other authors ( Bukovčan et al, 2008 , Šebečić et al, 1998 , Šeruga et al, 2008 , Leder et al, 2021 ). A good agreement was obtained between the results of our work and the recently published work of Leder et al ( Leder et al, 2021 ). The only exception was the case of the low atomic number elements (K and Ca), whose concentrations were underestimated by the TXRF analysis, probably due to absorption issues from wine matrix ( Dalipi et al, 2016 ).…”

“…Therefore there is an increasing number of investigations being conducted around the world with the goal of evaluation the influence of particular factors (type of wine, producer, origin) on the levels of elements. The first comprehensive study of elemental composition of wines from different winegrowing regions of Croatia was published very recently ( Leder et al, 2021 ). The authors applied isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) and ICP-OES to investigate whether multivariate statistical methods could provide the fingerprint for geographical origin determination.…”

Differentiation Between Argentine and Austrian Red and White Wines Based on Isotopic and Multi-Elemental Composition

“…Differences in the isotopic ratio of precipitation are present in hot and dry areas compared to wet and cold areas (Dutra et al, 2013). Usually, more positive values of δ 18 O indicate lower altitude, higher temperature and/or lower rainfall and/or coastal environment (Magdas et al, 2012;Wu et al, 2019;Horacek et al, 2021;Leder et al, 2021). Based on this, and the specific characteristics of each country, the more enriched values of the Argentine wines can be dominantly explained by the warmer climate they are produced in with respect to the Austrian wines.…”

Storage Changes Stable Isotope Composition of Cucumbers

“…Research about the geographic origin of food products has been carried out on a wide variety of food products, as wine (e.g. Christoph et al, 2004Christoph et al, , 2015Griboff et al, 2021;Horacek et al, 2021;Leder et al, 2021), meat (e.g., Boner and Förstel, 2004;Camin et al, 2007;, coffee (e.g., Serra et al, 2005;Rodrigues et al, 2009), vegetables and crops (e.g., Horacek et al, , 2015Bontempo et al, 2011;Goitom Asfaha et al, 2011;Opatić et al, 2018;Kongsri et al, 2021) among many others.…”