Geographic Structure of Plasmodium vivax: Microsatellite Analysis of Parasite Populations from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Ethiopia

Gunawardena, Sharmini; Karunaweera, Nadira D.; Ferreira, Marcelo U.; Phone-Kyaw, Myatt; Pollack, Richard J.; Alifrangis, Michael; Rajakaruna, R. S.; Konradsen, Flemming; Amerasinghe, Priyanie H.; Schousboe, Mette L; Galappaththy, Gawrie N. L.; Abeyasinghe, Rabindra; Hartl, Daniel L.; Wirth, Dyann F.

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0588

Cited by 91 publications

(137 citation statements)

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“…WGA, a method that has been used in similar molecular epidemiological studies, [25][26][27][28] was performed prior to genotyping to increase the amount of P. vivax DNA for analysis. The multiple displacement amplification (MDA) method used in this study has been shown to result in a higher yield of non-artifact DNA template and reduced amplification bias compared with PCR-based WGA methods.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax on the North Coast of Papua New Guinea

Arnott

Barnadas

Senn

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Despite having the highest Plasmodium vivax burden in the world, molecular epidemiological data from Papua New Guinea (PNG) for this parasite remain limited. To investigate the molecular epidemiology of P. vivax in PNG, 574 isolates collected from four catchment sites in East Sepik (N = 1) and Madang (N = 3) Provinces were genotyped using the markers MS16 and msp1F3. Genetic diversity and prevalence of P. vivax was determined for all sites. Despite a P. vivax infection prevalence in the East Sepik (15%) catchments less than one-half the prevalence of the Madang catchments (27-35%), genetic diversity was similarly high in all populations (H e = 0.77-0.98). High genetic diversity, despite a marked difference in infection prevalence, suggests a large reservoir of diversity in P. vivax populations of PNG. Significant reductions in transmission intensity may, therefore, be required to reduce the diversity of parasite populations in highly endemic countries such as PNG.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax on the North Coast of Papua New Guinea

Arnott

Barnadas

Senn

et al. 2013

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…For example, in 90 P. vivax isolates from Thailand, Cui et al (2003b) found a multiple-clone infection rate of 25.6% using the PvCSP encoding gene alone, 19.3% using PvMSP-3α alone and 35.6% when the markers were combined. Particularly surprising is the extensive clonal diversity of P. vivax infections in areas with relatively low malaria transmission, such as Brazil, Colombia and Sri Lanka (Ferreira et al 2007, Imwong et al 2007b, Karunaweera et al 2008, Orjuela-Sánchez et al 2009a, Gunawardena et al 2010. The evolutionary and epidemiological consequences of multiple-clone P. vivax infections have not been well-investigated.…”

Section: Neutral or Nearly Neutral Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to the ~1,000 polymorphic microsatellite loci currently available for P. falciparum typing, it was demonstrated that a few dozen microsatellite loci are polymorphic in P. vivax field isolates (Table II). Despite these limitations, microsatellite-based studies of the parasite have provided valuable information on P. vivax population structure and diversity in the Americas, Asia and Africa (Ferreira et al 2007, Karunaweera et al 2007, Koepfli et al 2009, Orjuela-Sánchez et al 2009a, Gunawardena et al 2010, Rezende et al 2010, Van den Eede et al 2010a, b, 2011). …”

Section: Neutral or Nearly Neutral Molecular Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A microsatellite-based analysis of P. vivax samples from Sri Lanka, Ethiopia and Myanmar recently showed that parasites may be classified as originating from Asia or Africa with 70-80% accuracy. This suggests that microsatellite data might be useful in predicting the origin of P. vivax parasites (Gunawardena et al 2010). Further analyses are required to confirm whether microsatellite-based molecular barcodes are useful for determining whether particular infections were either transmitted locally or imported into areas approaching the elimination phase.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…However, this comparison is complicated, as it is difficult to determine how much of the variation depends on the set of markers and how much is due to genetic diversity in the studied populations (Imwong et al 2007a, KoepKoepfli et al 2009). Currently, the most widely used markers are a set of 14 polymorphic microsatellites described by Karunaweera et al (2007), which were used to analyse the population structures of P. vivax in Brazil, Vietnam, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Ethiopia and Peru (Ferreira et al 2007, Karunaweera et al 2008, Gunawardena et al 2010, Van den Eede et al 2010a, b, 2011. Using the same set of markers, similar variability was detected in different geographical areas, with H E ranging from 0.71 in Brazil to 0.86 in Myanmar and Vietnam; only Peru showed a slightly lower variability (H E = 0.58).…”

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Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Brito

Ferreira

2011

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Enhanced understanding of the transmission dynamics and population genetics for Key words: malaria -Plasmodium vivax -genetic markers -genetic diversity -multiple-clone infections -microsatellitesMarkers and genetic diversity of P. vivax • Cristiana Ferreira Alves de Brito, Marcelo Urbano Ferreira 13 tual heterozygosity (H E ) values. Virtual H E is the average probability that a pair of alleles randomly obtained from the population is different. Whenever appropriate, in this review we provide H E estimates obtained using different markers for different populations.Molecular markers under selection -Until recently, most genetic markers available for characterising natural P. vivax populations were orthologues of previously identified P. falciparum antigen-coding genes. The wellcharacterised polymorphic regions in these genes have been extensively used to analyse genetic diversity patterns in P. falciparum (Roy et al. 2008). A similar approach has been explored in vivax-oriented studies (Cui et al. 2003a). The following single-copy genes in P. vivax have often been used in these studies: gam1, coding for the gametocyte antigen 1, csp, coding for the circumsporozoite protein (CSP), msp1 and msp3alpha, coding for the merozoite surface proteins (MSP)-1 and 3α, respectively, ama1, coding for the apical membrane antigen 1, and dbp, coding for the Duffy binding protein (DBP) ( Table I).A notable feature of several P. vivax surface antigens (including major vaccine-candidate molecules) is tandem arrays of relatively short amino acid motifs. The CSP in P. vivax (PvCSP), an abundant antigen on the surface of sporozoites that has been extensively used as a vaccine development target, has immunodominant B-cell epitopes that map to central repeats between nonrepetitive sequences (Nardin & Zavala 1998). PvCSP displays two major types of nonapeptide repeats [most commonly GDRA(D/A)GQPA and ANGA(G/D)(N/D)QPG], which define the variants known as VK210 and VK247, respectively (Arnot et al. 1985, Rosenberg et al. 1989 (Fig. 1). Both VK210 and VK247 variants are globally distributed, but geographic biases have been described (Cochrane et al. 1990, Qari et al. 1993a. Similar repetitive sequences are found in Brazil, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea (Qari et al. 1991(Qari et al. , 1992. However, markedly divergent sequence variants were found in isolates from China and North Korea (Mann et al. 1994). Although VK210 and VK247-type sequences often occur in sympatric parasite populations, there are no examples of a hybrid repeat array with both repeat types (Lim et al. 2005).A third type of repeat unit [APGANQ(E/G)GAA], identical to that described for Plasmodium simiovale, characterises the so-called P. vivax-like parasites (Qari et al. 1993a). Although P. vivax-like CSP repeats have been found in parasite isolates across the world, its global distribution remains unconfirmed (Gopinath et al. 1994). In Brazil, P. vivax-like parasites have been identified only in mixed-clone infections with VK210-type or VK247-type parasites (Machado...

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Primaquine for preventing relapse in people withPlasmodium vivaxmalaria treated with chloroquine

Galappaththy¹,

Tharyan

Kirubakaran

2013

Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews

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The analysis confirms the current World Health Organization recommendation for 14-day primaquine (15 mg/day) to prevent relapse of vivax malaria. Shorter primaquine regimens at the same daily dose are associated with higher relapse rates. The comparative effects with weekly primaquine are promising, but require further trials to establish equivalence or non-inferiority compared to the 14-day regimen in high malaria transmission settings.

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Geographic Structure of Plasmodium vivax: Microsatellite Analysis of Parasite Populations from Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Ethiopia

Cited by 91 publications

References 34 publications

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax on the North Coast of Papua New Guinea

High Genetic Diversity of Plasmodium vivax on the North Coast of Papua New Guinea

Molecular markers and genetic diversity of Plasmodium vivax

Primaquine for preventing relapse in people withPlasmodium vivaxmalaria treated with chloroquine

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