Genotyping of the Helicobacter pylori isolates of raw milk and traditional dairy products

Abstract

Notwithstanding the substantial clinical impact of Helicobacter pylori, its convinced routes of transmission and sources have not been reported. Based on the quarrelsome hypothesis, foods and especially dairy products play an authoritative role in the transmission of H. pylori to humans. The current investigation was done to study the prevalence rate and distribution of vacA genotypes in the H. pylori strains isolated from the raw milk and traditional dairy products. Three-hundred milk and dairy samples were collected and directly transported to laboratory. Samples were cultured and H. pylori isolates were approved using the 16s rRNAbased PCR amplification. Positive strains were tested for distribution of vacA genotypes using the multiplex-PCR. Sixty out of 300 samples (20%) harbored H. pylori. Prevalence of H. pylori in milk and traditional dairy products were 38.75% and 13.18%, respectively. Ovine milk (45%) and traditional cheese (40%) had the highest prevalence of H. pylori. VacAs1a (91.66%), vacAm1a (61.61%) vacAs2 (36.66%) and vacAm2 (31.66%) were the most commonly detected genotypes. Ovine milk and traditional cheese had the most diverse genotypes. S1am1a (41.66%), s2m1a (25%), s1am2 (16.66%) and s2m2 (13.33%) were the most commonly detected combined genotypes. Raw milk and traditional dairy products are latent sources of H. pylori. Similarity in the genotyping pattern of H. pylori strains of various samples represents their similar sources of infection. Further studies are required to found the exact sources of H. pylori strains in raw milk and traditional dairy products.

Phenotypic analysis of antibiotic resistance and genotypic study of the vacA, cagA, iceA, oipA and babA genotypes of the Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from raw milk

“…Moreover, differences in the feed of ovine with bovine, buffalo, camel and even caprine species may affect the prevalence rate of bacteria presented in their milk. Higher prevalence of H. pylori in raw ovine milk was also reported by previous investigations [ 10 , 31 , 32 , 34 – 43 ]. Using thorns and thistles in deserts and living away from humans and the polluted environment of cities are the most important probable reasons for the lower prevalence of H. pylori in camel milk.…”

Antimicrobial resistance and genotyping of vacA, cagA, and iceA alleles of the Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from traditional dairy products

“…Higher incidence of H. pylori in some kinds of dairy samples was also reported by previous investigations (Angelidis et al, 2011;Bianchini et al, 2015;Fujimura et al, 2002;Khaji, Banisharif, & Alavi, 2017;Mousavi et al, 2014;Osman et al, 2015;Quaglia et al, 2007;Quaglia et al, 2008;Rahimi & Kheirabadi, 2012;Safaei et al, 2011;Talaei et al, 2015;Talimkhani & Mashak, 2017;Zamani, Vahedi, Maghdouri, & Shokri-Shirvani, 2017). Reversely, lower incidence of H. pylori in some kinds of dairy samples was also reported by previous investigations (Esmaeiligoudarzi et al, 2015;Mousavi et al, 2014;Rahimi & Kheirabadi, 2012;Saeidi & Sheikhshahrokh, 2016).…”

“…High incidence of vacA , cagA , and iceA1 genotypes was also reported in the H. pylori strains isolated from clinical samples of human and animal species (Dabiri et al, ; Momtaz, Dabiri, Souod, & Gholami, ; Podzorski, Podzorski, Wuerth, & Tolia, ; Torkan & Shahreza, ). Furthermore, high incidence of these genotypes has been reported in the H. pylori strains isolated from different types of food samples (Esmaeiligoudarzi et al, ; Ghorbani et al, ; Gilani, Razavilar, Rokni, & Rahimi, ; Khaji et al, ; Mousavi et al, ; Ranjbar et al, 2016a, 2016b; Saeidi & Sheikhshahrokh, ; Talaei et al, ; Talimkhani & Mashak, ; Yahaghi et al, ). Adjacent association of vacA , cagA , and iceA genotypes of H. pylori bacteria with secretion of interleukin‐8 and cytotoxin, adhesion to gastric epithelial cells, occurrence of inflammatory effect, vacuolization, apoptosis procedure in gastric epithelial cells, peptic ulceration, increase acute neutrophilic infiltration, interleukin‐10 secretion and inflammation, has been presented previously (Dabiri et al, ; Podzorski et al, ; Torkan & Shahreza, ).…”

“…Furthermore, high incidence of these genotypes has been reported in the H. pylori strains isolated from different types of food samples (Esmaeiligoudarzi et al, 2015;Ghorbani et al, 2016;Gilani, Razavilar, Rokni, & Rahimi, 2017;Khaji et al, 2017;Mousavi et al, 2014;Ranjbar et al, 2016aRanjbar et al, , 2016bSaeidi & Sheikhshahrokh, 2016;Talaei et al, 2015;Talimkhani & Mashak, 2017;Yahaghi et al, 2014). Adjacent association of vacA, cagA, and iceA genotypes of H. pylori bacteria with secretion of interleukin-8 and cytotoxin, adhesion to gastric epithelial cells, occurrence of inflammatory effect, vacuolization, apoptosis procedure in gastric epithelial cells, peptic ulceration, increase acute neutrophilic infiltration, interleukin-10 secretion and inflammation, has a AM10 = ampicillin (10 μg); Met5 = metronidazole (5 μg); ER5 = erythromycin (5 μg); CLR2 = clarithromycin (2 μg); AMX10 = amoxicillin (10 μg); Tet30 = tetracycline (30 μg); Lev5 = levofloxacin (5 μg); TRP25 = trimethoprim (25 μg); FZL1 = furazolidone (1 μg); and Spi100 = spiramycin (100 μg).…”

<p>Phenotypic and Genotypic Assessment of Antibiotic Resistance and Genotyping of <em>vacA</em>, <em>cagA</em>, <em>iceA</em>, <em>oipA</em>, <em>cagE</em>, and <em>babA2</em> Alleles of <em>Helicobacter pylori</em> Bacteria Isolated from Raw Meat</p>

“…The boost incidence of vacA, cagA, iceA1, oipA, cagE and babA2 genotypes was also conveyed in the H. pylori bacteria recovered from clinical samples of human and animal species. 42,52,54 Khaji et al 55 conveyed that vacA s1a (91.66%), m1a (61.61%), s2 (36.66%), and m2 (31.66%) were the most generally perceived genotypes amongst the H. pylori bacteria recovered from raw milk of animal species. They also showed that s1am1a (41.66%), s2m1a (25%), 16%), s1a/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (10.81%), s1a/ cagA−/iceA1/oipA+ (10.81%), s1b/cagA+/iceA1/oipA− (9.45%), m2/cagA+/iceA1/oipA+ (9.45%), m2/cagA +/iceA1/oipA− (9.45%), m2/cagA−/iceA1/oipA+ (9.45%), and m2/cagA−/iceA1/oipA− (9.45%) combined genotypic patterns were the most generally perceived in the H. pylori bacteria recovered from ready to eat food.…”