Genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 and H5N2 from Egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes

Hassan, Kareem E.; saad, Noha; Abozeid, Hassanein H.; Shany, Salama A. S.; El‐Kady, Magdy F.; Arafa, Abdel Satar; El-Sawah, Azza A.; Pfaff, Florian; Hafez, Hafez M.; Beer, Martin

doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104375

Cited by 23 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Further, in Egypt, several influenza A subtypes are co-circulating among poultry species, including HPAI viruses H5N1, H5N2, and H5N8 and the LPAI H9N2 virus [ 20 , 21 ]. The wide detection of HPAI H5N8 viruses in this study confirms previous findings of H5N8 spread in Egypt [ 13 , 17 ]. This must be considered as this increases the chances of reassortment and emergence of new subtypes/genotypes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…In December 2016, the HPAI H5N8 virus was first reported in Egypt via migratory birds (common coots ( Fulica atra )) in the Damietta governorate [ 12 ]. In a short time, the virus spread to infect domestic poultry in different geographical locations, causing a great economic loss to local poultry farming [ 13 , 14 ]. The virus became endemic in poultry in Egypt and was found to be the most commonly detected H5 subtype among poultry species [ 15 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The virus was phylogenetically related to viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b reported in Russia 2016 [ 17 ]. Genetic and phylogenetic analyses of the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses revealed that at least six different genotypes are circulating in Egypt [ 13 , 17 , 18 , 19 ]. In 2018–2019, novel HPAI H5N2 viruses were found in commercial chicken and duck farms in Egypt, as a result of genetic reassortment between HPAI H5N8 and low pathogenic AI (LPAI) H9N2 subtypes circulating in Egypt [ 20 , 21 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019

Tarek

Naguib

Arafa

et al. 2021

Animals

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses of subtype H5N8 continue to circulate, causing huge economic losses and serious impact on poultry production worldwide. Recently, HPAIV H5N8 has been spreading rapidly, and a large number of HPAI H5N8 outbreaks have been reported in Eurasia 2020–2021. In this study, we conducted an epidemiological survey of HPAI H5N8 virus at different geographical locations in Egypt from 2017 to 2019. This was followed by genetic and pathogenic studies. Our findings highlight the wide spread of HPAI H5N8 viruses in Egypt, including in 22 governorates. The genetic analyses of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments emphasized a phylogenetic relatedness between the Egyptian HPAI H5N8 viruses and viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b recently isolated in Europe. These findings suggest that a potential back transmission of Egyptian HPAI H5N8 virus has occurred from domestic poultry in Egypt to migratory wild birds, followed by further spread to different countries. This highlights the importance of continuous epidemiological and genetic studies of AIVs at the domestic–wild bird interface.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019

Tarek

Naguib

Arafa

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Recently, the new 2020/2021 HPAI H5N8 variant revealed a genetic similarity and phylogenetic relatedness with the H5N8 viruses currently circulating in Egypt [ 25 ]. Different genotypes of HPAI H5N8 virus have been reported in Egypt since its first isolation in late 2016 [ 35 , 36 , 37 ]. Moreover, Egypt is one of the countries with the highest poultry density, which may explicate the endemicity of AIV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8

Amer

Rabie

et al. 2021

Viruses

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses continue to circulate worldwide, causing numerous outbreaks among bird species and severe public health concerns. H5N1 and H5N8 are the two most fundamental HPAI subtypes detected in birds in the last two decades. The two viruses may compete with each other while sharing the same host population and, thus, suppress the spread of one of the viruses. In this study, we performed a statistical analysis to investigate the temporal correlation of the HPAI H5N1 and HPAI H5N8 subtypes using globally reported data in 2015–2020. This was joined with an in-depth analysis using data generated via our national surveillance program in Egypt. A total of 6412 outbreaks were reported worldwide during this period, with 39% (2529) as H5N1 and 61% (3883) as H5N8. In Egypt, 65% of positive cases were found in backyards, while only 12% were found in farms and 23% in live bird markets. Overall, our findings depict a trade-off between the number of positive H5N1 and H5N8 samples around early 2017, which is suggestive of the potential replacement between the two subtypes. Further research is still required to elucidate the underpinning mechanisms of this competitive dynamic. This, in turn, will implicate the design of effective strategies for disease control.

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“…In Kazakhstan, near the border with Russia, HPAI A(H5) virus was found in seven poultry outbreaks and in 86 corvids that were found dead. Information extracted from the scientific literature Hassan et al (2020) reported investigations performed on oropharyngeal and cloacal swab samples collected in Egypt between April 2018 and April 2019, from 37 poultry flocks (duck, broiler chicken and turkey) with mild to severe signs of respiratory disease, observed mortality rates of at least 50% and for the ducks, obvious central nervous symptoms. Twenty-one flocks (16 duck, 4 chicken and 1 turkey flock) were positive for HPAI A(H5N8) viruses and 2 of these (1 duck and 1 chicken flock) were also positive for A(H9N2) viruses.…”

Section: Detectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza overview May – August 2020

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Kuiken³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Between 16 May and 15 August 2020, seven highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus outbreaks were reported in Europe in poultry, with one outbreak reported in Bulgaria(n=1) andsix in Hungary (n=6) and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) virus outbreak was reported in poultry in Italy. All six outbreaks detected in Hungary were secondary outbreaks and seem to be the tail end of the HPAI A(H5N8) epidemic that wasobserved in poultry over the winter and spring in central Europe from December 2019 (n=334).Genetic analysis of the HPAI A(H5N8) viruses isolated during this reporting period from Bulgaria and Hungary did not identify any major changes compared tothe viruses collected in the respective countries during the first months of 2020. This suggests a persistence of the virus in the two countries rather than new introductions via infectedwild birds. HPAI A(H5N8) virus has been detected in poultry and wild birds in western Russia within the reporting period, and as of the middle of September also in Kazakhstan. The presence of HPAI virus in western Russiaand in north Kazakhstan,spatially associated with autumnmigration routes of wild waterbirds, is of concern due to the possible spread of the virus via wild birds migrating to the EU.It is highly recommended thatMember States take appropriate measures to promptly detect suspected cases of HPAI, including increasing biosecurity measures. According to past experiences (2005‐2006 and 2016‐2017 epidemic waves), the northern and eastern European areas might be at higher risk of virus introduction in the coming autumn‐winter seasonand should be the key regions where prompt response measures to early detect the virusshould be set up. One human case due to A(H9N2) avian influenza virus infection was reported during the reporting period.

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Genotyping and reassortment analysis of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses H5N8 and H5N2 from Egypt reveals successive annual replacement of genotypes

Cited by 23 publications

References 45 publications

Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019

Epidemiology, Genetic Characterization, and Pathogenesis of Avian Influenza H5N8 Viruses Circulating in Northern and Southern Parts of Egypt, 2017–2019

Temporal Dynamics of Influenza A(H5N1) Subtype before and after the Emergence of H5N8

Avian influenza overview May – August 2020

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