Genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from hiv-infected patients and immunocompetent children of São Paulo, Brazil

Araújo, Ana Julia Urias dos Santos; Kanamura, Hermínia Yohko; Almeida, Marcos E. de; Gomes, Aparecida Helena de Souza; Pinto, Thais Helena Lemos; Silva, Alexandre Januário da

doi:10.1590/s0036-46652008005000003

Cited by 23 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Most of these published papers have shown that C. parvum and C. hominis are the most prevalent species 1,15,25 . With respect to C. belli, only one study demonstrated genetic polymorphisms among clinical isolates obtained from HIV(+) patients 23 .…”

Section: Despite the Great Number Of Reports About The Occurrence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Brazil, the prevalence of cryptosporidiosis and cystoisosporosis among HIV-infected patients ranges from 6.4% to 9.1% and from 4.4% to 18%, respectively 1,2,6,7,11,16,18 . OLIVEIRA-SILVA et al 19 investigated the frequency of these parasites in HIV-infected patients living in the Triângulo Mineiro region and found a prevalence of 8.6% for Cryptosporidium sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

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Cabrine-Santos

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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SUMMARYCryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli are monoxenic protozoa that have been recognized as the causative agents of chronic diarrhea in immunocompromised individuals, especially HIV-infected subjects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of these intestinal protozoa in HIV-positive patients in the Triângulo Mineiro region of Brazil and to correlate the presence of these infections with clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data of the patients. Oocysts were detected in stool samples of 10 (16.9%) of the 59 patients studied, while Cryptosporidium spp. were present in 10.1% (6/59) and C. belli in 6.7% (4/59). The frequency of these parasites was higher among patients with diarrheic syndrome and CD4 + T lymphocyte counts < 200 cells/ mm 3 , demonstrating the opportunistic characteristic of these infections. A significant association was observed between the lack of adherence to antiretroviral therapy and the presence of Cryptosporidium spp. and/or C. belli. Parasitism with Cryptosporidium spp. was more frequent in February and April, the months following the period of high rainfall. The same was not observed for C. belli. Genetic characterization of two isolates led to the identification of Cryptosporidium parvum, one of the main species associated with the zoonotic transmission of cryptosporidiosis.

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Section: Despite the Great Number Of Reports About The Occurrence Ofmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

Assis

Resende

Cabrine-Santos

et al. 2013

Rev. Inst. Med. trop. S. Paulo

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“…In studies that discuss the molecular characterization of feces samples testing positive for Cryptosporidium spp., C. hominis was detected at a frequency of 40-90% in HIV-positive patients and 57.1-73.6% in children. In contrast, C. parvum frequency ranged from 10% to 20% in HIV-positive patients and from 10.5% to 42.9% in children (GONÇALVES et al, 2006;BUSHEN et al, 2007;ARAÚJO et al, 2008;LUCCA et al, 2009;ROLANDO et al, 2012).…”

Section: Epidemiological Aspects Of Human Cryptosporidiosismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…The increase in the prevalence of infection and the frequency of outbreaks in daycare centers led to the inclusion of giardiasis in the group of neglected diseases declared by the World Health Organization (SAVIOLE et al, 2006). Many studies conducted in Brazil have reported the occurrence of G. duodenalis infections in children, at a prevalence rate ranging from 12.4% to 73.6% (MASCARINI; DONALÍSIO, 2006;RUIZ LOPES et al, 2006;ARRUDA et al, 2008;BISCEGLI et al, 2009;SILVA, 2009;BELLOTO et al, 2011;SANTANA et al, 2014;DAVID et al, 2015). This large variation in prevalence rates might be related to the study site, age of the study population, and local sanitation conditions, with the most frequent infection being in children aged 1 to 5 years, in population agglomerations that favor interpersonal contact such as daycare centers and schools, and places lacking a basic sanitation system (SANTANA et al, 2014).…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Human Giardiasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Toledo

Martins

Freire

2017

SCA

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Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. Key words: Sanitation. Giardia duodenalis. Cryptosporidium parvum. Zoonosis. Rural areas. Molecular characterization. ResumoA água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológicos auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.

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“…Cryptosporidium meleagridis se describió originalmente en el tracto respiratorio de pavos 9 y es la única especie que infecta naturalmente a aves y mamíferos. Actualmente se reconoce como un patógeno emergente en humanos 10,[50][51] , se ha presentado en personas inmunocompetentes del Reino Unido 52 ; es responsable de casi 1% de todas las infecciones en Inglaterra 12 y de aproximadamente 10% de las producidas en Perú 53 , donde su prevalencia es tan alta como la de C. parvum 54 . En este estudio, C. meleagridis se detectó en un paciente con síndrome de Down; sin embargo, la fuente aviar no pudo ser reconocida.…”

Section: Artículo Originalunclassified

Especies de Cryptosporidum en pacientes inmunodeficientes e inmunocompetentes de Valparaíso: Estudio descriptivo

et al. 2012

Rev. chil. infectol.

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Objective: Genetical characterization of human Cryptosporidium isolates to determine species diversity. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional study in Valparaiso, Chile, was performed. A total of 458 patients participated in the study: 259 immunodefi cient (HIV, cancer, renal transplant hyper-IgM syndrome, HIV and unintended pregnancy) and 178 immunocompetent individuals provided stool samples and 21 patients bile samples. Results: We obtained 29 (6.3%) positive samples. 25 (9.7%) derived from immunodefi cient patients: 18 (7.3%) from HIV patients and 7 from patients with other immunodefi ciencies. The remaining 4 (2.2%) samples originated from immunocompetent individuals. Cryptosporidium genotyping was performed by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragments length polymorphism and/or PCR followed by sequencing of the SSU rRNA from oocysts in stool samples. 4 species were identifi ed: C. parvum, C. hominis, C. muris, and C. meleagridis. In immunodefi cient patients, 16 C. parvum, 8 C. hominis, and 1 C. muris strain were identifi ed. In immunocompetent participants, 3 C. hominis and 1 C. meleagridis isolate were found. Conclusion: The results indicate that zoonotic and anthroponotic transmission occurs and that C. parvum is the predominant species in our study population. Cryptosporidium species of zoonotic transmission accounted for 62% of the human infections detected in this study.Key words: Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, inmunocompetent, immunodefi cient, descriptive study.Palabras clave: Cryptosporidium parvum, C. hominis, C. meleagridis, C. muris, inmunocompetente, inmunodefi ciente, estudio descriptivo. IntroducciónC ryptosporidium spp son protozoos del phylum Apicomplexa, ubicuos en el ambiente, que ocasionan infección aguda y autolimitada. Del punto de vista clínico, las personas inmunocompetentes pueden ser asintomáticas o manifestar cuadros de diarrea que tienden a ser graves y persistentes, con un alto grado de morbilidad y mortalidad en los infectados inmunodefi cientes.Las especies de Cryptosporidium se han reportado en una amplia variedad de vertebrados 1 . A partir de ellos puede infectarse el hombre por diversos mecanismos de transmisión: contacto directo con personas (antroponótico) o animales (zoonótico) infectados, ingestión de alimentos y agua contaminada 2 . Existe evidencia de al menos 25 especies y 61 genotipos en diversos hospederos y con amplia distribución geográfi ca 1,3 . Las especies del parásito se han validado sobre la base de la morfología de los ooquistes, la biología del desarrollo, la especifi cidad del hospedero, el sitio de la infección, la histopatología y las diferencias genéticas establecidas mediante la biología molecular. También se utiliza el depósito en un museo de una muestra del parásito, como lo establece el Código Internacional para Nomenclatura Zoológica (ICZN por su sigla en inglés) 3,4 . Los análisis genéticos revelan que al menos ocho especies ( C. hominis, C. parvum, C. meleagridis, C. felis, C. canis, C...

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Genotypic identification of Cryptosporidium spp. isolated from hiv-infected patients and immunocompetent children of São Paulo, Brazil

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

Prevalence and genetic characterization of Cryptosporidium spp. and Cystoisospora belli in HIV-infected patients

Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Especies de Cryptosporidum en pacientes inmunodeficientes e inmunocompetentes de Valparaíso: Estudio descriptivo

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