Genotoxicity of mixtures of glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid chemical forms towards Cnesterodon decemmaculatus (Pisces, Poeciliidae)

Abstract

Acute genotoxicity of commercial glyphosate (GLY) (Credit®)-, 2,4-D-acid (2,4-D) (Dedalo Elite)-, 2,4-D-amine (2,4-D DMA) (Weedar Full®)-and 2,4-D-ester (2,4-D BE) (Herbifen Super®)-based herbicide formulations alone and their combinations were analysed in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus. Mortality was evaluated as a lethal end-point and the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) bioassay was used as a sublethal end-point. LC50 96h values for Dedalo Elite was 0.46 mg/L and Herbifen Super® was 2.67 mg/L based on 2,4-D and 2,4-D BE, respectively. Results reveal a higher toxicity exerted on C. decemmaculatus after exposure to 2,4-D-rather than 2,4-D BE-based herbicide formulations. Overall, results demonstrated an enhancement in the genetic damage index committed to an enhancement of damaged erythrocytes of C. decemmaculatus when exposed to Credit®, Dedalo Elite, Weedar Full® and Herbifen Super® at 5% and 10% of LC50 96h values alone as well as in their combinations. Overall, the combination of GLY plus 2,4-D or GLY plus 2,4-D DMA showed a synergistic pattern whereas the combination of GLY plus 2,4-D BE was antagonic. Furthermore, this research is pioneer in the assessment of lethality and genotoxicity induced by 2,4-D-, 2,4-D DMA-and 2,4-D BE-based formulations when combined with GLY-based formulated herbicides in fish after they are acutely exposed.

Urinary Levels of Sirtuin-1, π-Glutathione S-Transferase, and Mitochondrial DNA in Maize Farmer Occupationally Exposed to Herbicide

“…So, paraquat highly accumulated in renal cells since the export of paraquat from the apical membrane of tubular cells into the tubule lumina for excretion via MATE1 was decreased [ 64 ]. Likewise, the combination of glyphosate plus 2,4-D enhanced the genetic damage in Cnesterodon decemmaculatus model [ 65 ]. Our research also has limitations that the lack of non-exposure group as a reference level of biomarker in healthy subjects since non-exposure group in the same anthropometric characteristics for this study area would be difficult to recruit.…”

Electrochemical investigation of the interaction of 2,4-D and double stranded DNA using pencil graphite electrodes

“…For this purpose, surface-confined interaction of DNA 6 and 2,4-D was performed at the surface of disposable pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs), then, the oxidation signal of guanine was measured. The experimental parameters were optimized and the interaction was also evaluated in the presence of another herbicide, glyphosate which is widely used in combination with 2,4-D for weed control [46,47].…”

“…In the next step of the study, the interaction process was investigated in the presence of a different pesticide, GLY under optimum conditions (Figure 11). It is known that the mixture of 2,4-D and GLY has been widely used for weed control [46,47]. Thus, the effect of 2,4-D onto DNA was compared to the one occurred in the presence of GLY.…”

Synergistic effects of glyphosate- and 2,4-D-based pesticides mixtures on Rhinella arenarum larvae

“…Moreover, the acute toxicity of glyphosate-based pesticides, as Atanor®, Credit®, Glifloglex®, and Roundup Ultra Max®, was informed in the range of 19.4 mg/L and 78.18 mg/L (Brodeur et al 2014;Soloneski et al 2016). It has been previously demonstrated that glyphosate causes oxidative stress, inhibits the action of key enzymes for regulation of cell cycle, and produces genotoxic damage on amphibian larvae (Carvalho et al 2020;Lima et al 2020). Toxicity studies of 2,4-D on amphibians have shown that the herbicide inhibits oocyte maturation (LaChapelle et al 2007;Stebbins-Boaz et al 2004) and has teratogenic effects on Xenopus laevis (Morgan et al 1996) and Rhinella arenarum, one of the most susceptible amphibian species during the embryo-larval period (Aronzon et al 2011).…”