Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study

Tillett, Richard L.; Sevinsky, Joel; Hartley, Philip; Kerwin, Heather; Crawford, N. F.; Gorzalski, Andrew; Laverdure, Chris; Verma, Subhash C.; Rossetto, Cyprian C.; Jackson, David; Farrell, Megan J.; Hooser, Stephanie Van; Pandori, Mark

doi:10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30764-7

Cited by 726 publications

(826 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Indeed, it has been reported that a patient reinfected with SARS-CoV-2 had more severe COVID-19 than the initial infection. 33 Without any other rational explanations, the results support our hypothesis that immunity to type S virus underlies the exacerbation of COVID-19 in Europe. 5 Serosurveys in Kenya have suggested that the epidemic in Africa was like that in the West; 34 however, in contrast to the West, most patients were asymptomatic or mildly ill. On the African continent, in contrast to Europe, many of the epidemics were due to Clade S. Our previous analysis suggested that the outbreak of type K virus after type S offsets the effect of type S to increase CFR.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2 associated with immunity, race, and viral mutations

Takahashi

Kamikubo

Hattori

2020

Preprint

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The world has been plagued by complex waves of SARS-CoV-2 epidemics that vary from region to region, leaving the end of the pandemic unpredictable. Here we performed "genetic fingerprinting" to compare the local viral genotypes with epidemiological information and reveal the molecular dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic worldwide. A multifaceted analyses of the epidemic trends and their relationship to virus genotypes, regional herd immunity, population density, and race has shown that epidemic outcomes are affected by: (1) Increased fitness of the virus due to mutations of viral proteins; (2) Immunity against previously prevalent subtypes that prevents or exacerbates COVID-19; (3) Immune evasion due to viral mutations; (4) Viral competition with coexisting subtypes; (5) Dense and crowded living environment; (6) Racial and social disparities; (7) Upper limit of viral mutations that enable natural selection. These findings provide an overview of the current epidemic, help predict the future, and develop effective countermeasures.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2 associated with immunity, race, and viral mutations

Takahashi

Kamikubo

Hattori

2020

Preprint

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“…As discussed above, although a majority of COVID-19 patients developed one or more antigen-specific antibodies to SARS-CoV-2, the rapid decline of antibodies in most of the convalescent COVID-19 patients and the weak antibody responses in asymptomatic and mild cases as well as immunosuppressed patients suggest that SARS-CoV-2 reinfection may be more common than currently appreciated. Numerous case reports have been published on COVID-19 reinfection Lee et al, 2020a;Li et al, 2020a;McGrath et al, 2020;Prado-Vivar et al, 2020;Sanyaolu et al, 2020;Selvaraj et al, 2020;Tillett et al, 2020;Torres et al, 2020). One report showed that three patients free of viral load but having low levels of anti-S and N-specific antibodies were re-infected (Li et al, 2020a).…”

Section: Are Recovered Covid-19 Patients Protected From Reinfection?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients: what can be learned for vaccine development?

Zhang

Zhan

et al. 2020

Sci. China Life Sci.

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The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has infected millions of people and caused tremendous morbidity and mortality worldwide. Effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 infection is lacking, and different therapeutic strategies are under testing. Host humoral and cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2 infection is a critical determinant for patients’ outcomes. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in seroconversion and production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. The antibodies may suppress viral replication through neutralization but might also participate in COVID-19 pathogenesis through a process termed antibody-dependent enhancement. Rapid progress has been made in the research of antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients, including characterization of the clinical features of antibody responses in different populations infected by SARS-CoV-2, treatment of COVID-19 patients with convalescent plasma and intravenous immunoglobin products, isolation and characterization of a large panel of monoclonal neutralizing antibodies and early clinical testing, as well as clinical results from several COVID-19 vaccine candidates. In this review, we summarize the recent progress and discuss the implications of these findings in vaccine development.

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“…Finally, the medical staffs working in the front line have not been infected till date, which effectively prevented secondary infections and spread of the disease in the hospital (11). Re-infection cases were reported in Hong Kong and the United States (12,13). Based on the known literatures and our research, we believe that patient immunity is helpful to avoid infection, but not all patients can produce immunity after infection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

No Evidence of Re-infection or Person-to-Person Transmission in Cured COVID-19 Patients in Guangzhou, a Retrospective Observational Study

Liu

et al. 2020

Front. Med.

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Objectives: To clarify the clinical characteristics of cured patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19), and to clarify the re-infection and person-to-person transmission in the cured.Methods: A total of 187 cured COVID-19 patients with antibody test were followed up every 2 weeks in this retrospective observational study. Assessment for general condition, symptoms, epidemiological contact history, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, and antibody tests were performed and recorded. Information from Guangzhou CDC was also screened.Results: There were 33 (17.6%) patients with negative results for IgG and 35 (18.7%) patients with positive results for IgM. The average days of antibody detection from disease onset were 53.0. PCR assay was positive in 10 (5.3%) patients during the follow-up. Neither IgG nor IgM results showed a relationship with PCR test results (all P > 0.05). Neither re-infection nor person-to-person transmission was found in the cured patients. Factors associated with appearance of antibody comprised hospitalization days (OR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.02–1.11, P = 0.006) and antibiotics treatment (OR: 3.50, 95%CI: 1.40–8.77, P = 0.007).Conclusions: In our study, no evidence of person-to-person transmission was found in cured COVID-19 patients. There seemed to be no re-infection in the cured COVID-19 patients in Guangzhou. These finding suggest that the cured do not cause the spread of disease. Additionally, neither IgG nor IgM can be used to replace the PCR test in cured patients.

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Genomic evidence for reinfection with SARS-CoV-2: a case study

Cited by 726 publications

References 28 publications

Epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2 associated with immunity, race, and viral mutations

Epidemic trends of SARS-CoV-2 associated with immunity, race, and viral mutations

Antibody response and therapy in COVID-19 patients: what can be learned for vaccine development?

No Evidence of Re-infection or Person-to-Person Transmission in Cured COVID-19 Patients in Guangzhou, a Retrospective Observational Study

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