Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Biofilm Formation in Persistent and Transient <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Isolates from the Retail Deli Environment Does Not Yield Insight into Persistence Mechanisms

Assisi, Clara; Forauer, Emily; Oliver, Haley F.; Etter, Andrea J.

doi:10.1089/fpd.2020.2817

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…There is some evidence of association of persistence with the presence of the bcrABC cassette conferring resistance to QAC disinfection agents ( 26 , 39 , 101 ) and perhaps also biofilm formation capacity ( 30 , 100 ). However, several studies have failed to identify any phenotypic or genotypic differences between persistent and transient L. monocytogenes ( 6 , 96 , 102 , 103 ) or failed to associate persistent strains with differences in stress response, sanitizer resistance, or adhesion properties ( 16 , 25 , 32 , 70 , 103 – 105 ). In line with these reports, the present study showed a relatively weak statistically significant association ( P ≤ 0.04) between persistence and QAC resistance determinants and biofilm-associated genes, and none between persistence and plasmids, heavy metal resistance genes, SSIs, or inlA PMSC mutations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive Listeria monocytogenes Is Common in the Norwegian Food System and Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Stress Survival and Resistance Determinants

Fagerlund

Wagner

Møretrø

et al. 2022

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pervasive Listeria monocytogenes Is Common in the Norwegian Food System and Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Stress Survival and Resistance Determinants

Fagerlund

Wagner

Møretrø

et al. 2022

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…QAC efflux genes increase the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Lm to benzalkonium chloride [7], but whether or not modest increases in MIC correspond to a practical increase in environmental persistence is less clearly established. Some studies have found an association between the presence of QAC efflux genes and the persistence of Lm in food facilities [7][8][9][10], but as many others have not found an association with QAC efflux genes or any other gene [11][12][13]. Similarly, other potential genetic determinants of persistence have been proposed, confounding associations with single genes [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes from US food processing environments reveals a high prevalence of QAC efflux genes but limited evidence of their contribution to environmental persistence

et al. 2022

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Background Quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) efflux genes increase the minimum inhibitory concentration of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) to benzalkonium chloride sanitizer, but the contribution of these genes to persistence in food processing environments is unclear. The goal of this study was to leverage genomic data and associated metadata for 4969 Lm isolates collected between 1999 and 2019 to: (1) evaluate the prevalence of QAC efflux genes among Lm isolates from diverse US food processors, (2) use comparative genomic analyses to assess confounding factors, such as clonal complex identity and stress tolerance genotypes, and (3) identify patterns in QAC efflux gene gain and loss among persistent clones within specific facilities over time. Results The QAC efflux gene cassette bcrABC was present in nearly half (46%) of all isolates. QAC efflux gene prevalence among isolates was associated with clonal complex (𝛘2 < 0.001) and clonal complex was associated with the facility type (𝛘2 < 0.001). Consequently, changes in the prevalence of QAC efflux genes within individual facilities were generally attributable to changes in the prevalence of specific clonal complexes. Additionally, a GWAS and targeted BLAST search revealed that clonal complexes with a high prevalence of QAC efflux genes commonly possessed other stress tolerance genes. For example, a high prevalence of bcrABC in a clonal complex was significantly associated with the presence of the SSI-1 gene cluster (p < 0.05). QAC efflux gene gain and loss were both observed among persistent populations of Lm in individual facilities, suggesting a limited direct role for QAC efflux genes as predictors of persistence. Conclusion This study suggests that although there is evidence that QAC efflux genes are part of a suite of adaptations common among Lm isolated from some food production environments, these genes may be neither sufficient nor necessary to enhance persistence. This is a crucial distinction for decision making in the food industry. For example, changes to sanitizer regimen targeting QAC tolerance would not address other contributing genetic or non-genetic factors, such as equipment hygienic design which physically mediates sanitizer exposure.

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“…There is some evidence of association of persistence with the presence of the bcrABC cassette conferring resistance to QAC disinfection agents (26, 39, 101) and perhaps also biofilm formation capacity (30, 100). However, several studies have failed to identify any phenotypic or genotypic differences between persistent and transient L. monocytogenes (6, 96, 102, 103) or failed to associate persistent strains with differences in stress response, sanitizer resistance, or adhesion properties (16, 25, 32, 70, 103–105). In line with these reports, the current study showed a relatively weak statistically significant association ( p ≤0.04) between persistence and QAC resistance determinants and biofilm-associated genes, and none between persistence and plasmids, heavy metal resistance genes, SSIs, or inlA PMSC mutations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PervasiveListeria monocytogenesare common in the Norwegian food system and associated with increased prevalence of stress survival and resistance determinants

Fagerlund

Wagner

Møretrø

et al. 2022

Preprint

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To investigate the diversity, distribution, persistence, and stress resistome of Listeria monocytogenes clones dominating in food processing environments in Norway, genome sequences from 769 L. monocytogenes isolates from food industry environments, foods, and raw materials (of which 512 were sequenced in the present study) were subjected to wgMLST, SNP, and comparative genomic analyses. The dataset comprised isolates from nine meat and six salmon processing facilities in Norway collected over a period of three decades. The most prevalent clonal complex (CC) was CC121, found in ten factories, followed by CC7, CC8, and CC9, found in seven factories each. Overall, 72% of the isolates were classified as persistent, showing 20 or fewer wgMLST allelic differences towards an isolate found in the same factory in a different calendar year. Moreover, over half of the isolates (56%) showed this level of genetic similarity towards an isolate collected from a different food processing facility. These were designated as pervasive strains, defined as clusters with the same level of genetic similarity as persistent strains but isolated from different factories. The prevalence of genetic determinants associated with increased survival in food processing environments, including heavy metal and biocide resistance determinants, stress response genes and inlA truncation mutations, showed a highly significant increase among pervasive isolates, but not among persistent isolates. Furthermore, these genes were significantly more prevalent among the isolates from food processing environments compared to in isolates from natural and rural environments (n=218) and clinical isolates (n=111) from Norway.

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Genomic and Transcriptomic Analysis of Biofilm Formation in Persistent and Transient Listeria monocytogenes Isolates from the Retail Deli Environment Does Not Yield Insight into Persistence Mechanisms

Cited by 16 publications

References 56 publications

Pervasive Listeria monocytogenes Is Common in the Norwegian Food System and Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Stress Survival and Resistance Determinants

Pervasive Listeria monocytogenes Is Common in the Norwegian Food System and Is Associated with Increased Prevalence of Stress Survival and Resistance Determinants

Genomic analysis of Listeria monocytogenes from US food processing environments reveals a high prevalence of QAC efflux genes but limited evidence of their contribution to environmental persistence

PervasiveListeria monocytogenesare common in the Norwegian food system and associated with increased prevalence of stress survival and resistance determinants

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