Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus

Gao, Jinxin; Gigante, Crystal M.; Khmaladze, Ekaterine; Liu, Pengbo; Tang, Shiyuyun; Wilkins, Kimberly; Zhao, Kun; Davidson, Whitni; Nakazawa, Yoshinori; Maghlakelidze, Giorgi; Geleishvili, Marika; Kokhreidze, Maka; Carroll, Darin S.; Emerson, Ginny L.; Liu, Yu

doi:10.3390/v10050252

Cited by 38 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…Most persons born after 1980 have not received smallpox vaccination, and so there is a reduced level of population-based immunity. Coincidentally or not, some zoonotic orthopoxvirus species are re-emerging in an increasing and alarming number of cases worldwide, including vaccinia virus in Brazil and India ( 2 ), monkeypox virus in Africa ( 3 , 4 ), cowpox virus in Europe and Asia ( 5 ), and novel orthopoxvirus-related strains in the United States (in Alaska and Georgia) ( 6 – 8 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

Andréani¹,

Arnault²,

Khalil³

et al. 2019

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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We report a case of atypical cowpox virus infection in France in 2016. The patient sought care for thoracic lesions after injury from the sharp end of a metallic guardrail previously stored in the ground. We isolated a cowpox virus from the lesions and sequenced its whole genome. The patient reported that he had been previously vaccinated against smallpox. We describe an alternative route of cowpox virus infection and raise questions about the immunological status of smallpox-vaccinated patients for circulating orthopoxviruses.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

Andréani¹,

Arnault²,

Khalil³

et al. 2019

Emerg. Infect. Dis.

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“…Recombination had been previously reported between different species of poxviruses [ 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ], within the same poxvirus species [ 63 , 64 , 65 ], and between different genotypes of MCV [ 26 ]. Identification of inter-genotype recombination within MCV would mandate that, at some point in time, at least two different MCV genotypes existed in the same MC lesion, thereby confirming the prospect of concurrent infection with different MCV genotypes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Insights into the Evolutionary and Genomic Landscape of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV) based on Nine MCV1 and Six MCV2 Complete Genome Sequences

Zorec

Kutnjak

Hošnjak

et al. 2018

Viruses

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Molluscum contagiosum virus (MCV) is the sole member of the Molluscipoxvirus genus and the causative agent of molluscum contagiosum (MC), a common skin disease. Although it is an important and frequent human pathogen, its genetic landscape and evolutionary history remain largely unknown. In this study, ten novel complete MCV genome sequences of the two most common MCV genotypes were determined (five MCV1 and five MCV2 sequences) and analyzed together with all MCV complete genomes previously deposited in freely accessible sequence repositories (four MCV1 and a single MCV2). In comparison to MCV1, a higher degree of nucleotide sequence conservation was observed among MCV2 genomes. Large-scale recombination events were identified in two newly assembled MCV1 genomes and one MCV2 genome. One recombination event was located in a newly identified recombinant region of the viral genome, and all previously described recombinant regions were re-identified in at least one novel MCV genome. MCV genes comprising the identified recombinant segments have been previously associated with viral interference with host T-cell and NK-cell immune responses. In conclusion, the two most common MCV genotypes emerged along divergent evolutionary pathways from a common ancestor, and the differences in the heterogeneity of MCV1 and MCV2 populations may be attributed to the strictness of the constraints imposed by the host immune response.

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“…WT VACV WR strain, K1L and C7L deletion VACV (vK1 − C7 − ) and a panel of vK1 − C7 − -derived recombinant viruses expressing VACV-K1 (vVACV-K1L) or a C7 homolog from different poxviruses (vVACV-C7L, vYLDV-67R, vMYXV-M62R, vMYXV-M63R, vMYXV-M64R, vSPPV-063 and vSWPV-064) were described before (22, 26, 27). Other OPXVs (28), ECTV (Moscow), CMLV (CMS), MPXV (West African clade), AKMV (29), SKPV (USA1978-WA), VPXV (USA1985-CA), TATV (Dahomey1968) and RNCV (MD1964_85A) were from CDC and cultured in BSC-40 cells.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of CP77 as the third orthopoxvirus SAMD9L inhibitor with a unique specificity for a rodent SAMD9L

Zhang

Meng

Townsend³

et al. 2019

Preprint

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24 25 Orthopoxviruses (OPXVs) have a broad host range in mammalian cells, but 26 Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are non-permissive for vaccinia virus (VACV). Here, 27 IMPORTANCE: 47 Several OPXV species, including monkeypox virus and cowpox virus, cause 48 zoonotic infection in humans. They are believed to use wild rodents as the reservoir or 49 intermediate hosts, but the host or viral factors that are important for OPXV host range in 50 rodents are unknown. Here, we showed that the abortive replication of several OPXV 51 species in a Chinese hamster cell line was caused by a species-specific difference in the 52 host antiviral factor SAMD9L, indicating that SAMD9L divergence in different rodent 53 species poses a barrier for cross-species OPXV infection. While the Chinese hamster 54 SAMD9L could not be inhibited by two previously identified OPXV inhibitors of human 55 and mouse SAMD9L, it can be inhibited by cowpox virus CP77, indicating that OPXVs 56 encode three SAMD9L inhibitors with different specificity. Our data suggest that OPXV 57 host range in broad rodent species depends on three SAMD9L inhibitors with different 58 specificities. 59 60 (VPXV) are recognized as the North American OPXVs for being endemic in North 70America (2). VARV has been eradicated from nature, but the cessation of smallpox 71 vaccination and the waning of anti-OPXV herd immunity have increased the risk of 72 zoonotic OPXV infections. MPXV is highly virulent in humans (3), and the recent 73 increase in human monkeypox cases across a wide geographic area is a concern for 74 global health security (4). CPXV and VACV are responsible for zoonoses in Europe, 75Asia and South America (5, 6). Novel OPXV species have also been discovered in recent 76 human cases (7, 8), including Akhmeta virus (AKMV) isolated from the town of 77 Akhmeta, Georgia (country). 78OPXVs vary greatly in their animal host range (2), with some, such as VARV, 79 CMLV and TATV, only known to infect a single mammalian species, while others, such 80 as MPXV, CPXV and VACV, capable of infecting a wide variety of mammalian hosts. 81

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Genome Sequences of Akhmeta Virus, an Early Divergent Old World Orthopoxvirus

Cited by 38 publications

References 63 publications

Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

Atypical Cowpox Virus Infection in Smallpox-Vaccinated Patient, France

New Insights into the Evolutionary and Genomic Landscape of Molluscum Contagiosum Virus (MCV) based on Nine MCV1 and Six MCV2 Complete Genome Sequences

Identification of CP77 as the third orthopoxvirus SAMD9L inhibitor with a unique specificity for a rodent SAMD9L

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