Genome sequence and effectorome of Moniliophthora perniciosa and Moniliophthora roreri subpopulations

Abstract

BackgroundThe hemibiotrophic pathogens Moniliophthora perniciosa (witches’ broom disease) and Moniliophthora roreri (frosty pod rot disease) are among the most important pathogens of cacao. Moniliophthora perniciosa has a broad host range and infects a variety of meristematic tissues in cacao plants, whereas M. roreri infects only pods of Theobroma and Herrania genera. Comparative pathogenomics of these fungi is essential to understand Moniliophthora infection strategies, therefore the detection and in silico functional characterization of effector candidates are important steps to gain insight on their pathogenicity.ResultsCandidate secreted effector proteins repertoire were predicted using the genomes of five representative isolates of M. perniciosa subpopulations (three from cacao and two from solanaceous hosts), and one representative isolate of M. roreri from Peru. Many putative effectors candidates were identified in M. perniciosa: 157 and 134 in cacao isolates from Bahia, Brazil; 109 in cacao isolate from Ecuador, 92 and 80 in wild solanaceous isolates from Minas Gerais (Lobeira) and Bahia (Caiçara), Brazil; respectively. Moniliophthora roreri showed the highest number of effector candidates, a total of 243. A set of eight core effectors were shared among all Moniliophthora isolates, while others were shared either between the wild solanaceous isolates or among cacao isolates. Mostly, candidate effectors of M. perniciosa were shared among the isolates, whereas in M. roreri nearly 50% were exclusive to the specie. In addition, a large number of cell wall-degrading enzymes characteristic of hemibiotrophic fungi were found. From these, we highlighted the proteins involved in cell wall modification, an enzymatic arsenal that allows the plant pathogens to inhabit environments with oxidative stress, which promotes degradation of plant compounds and facilitates infection.ConclusionsThe present work reports six genomes and provides a database of the putative effectorome of Moniliophthora, a first step towards the understanding of the functional basis of fungal pathogenicity.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-018-4875-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

The pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa promotes differential proteomic modulation of cacao genotypes with contrasting resistance to witches´ broom disease

“…Studies on the T. cacao x M. perniciosa pathosystem are mainly related to sequencing and gene expression, such as the M. perniciosa genome [10], genome sequencing and effectorome of six isolates of Moniliophthora spp. from different hosts [11], M. perniciosa cDNA sequencing of different stages in its life cycle [12]. Also, the cDNA library of the T. cacao x M. perniciosa pathosystem [13], as well as transcriptomic profiling during biotrophic interaction between T. cacao x M. perniciosa [14].…”

Breve aproximación a la naturaleza genómica de Moniliophthora roreri CPMRT01 aislado de cacao en Tabasco, México//Brief approach to the genomic nature of Moniliophthora roreri CPMRT01 isolated from cocoa in Tabasco, Mexico

“…Respecto al género Moniliophthora, tales antecedentes se complementan con el estudio de su mecanismo de fitopatogenicidad para con el cacao a nivel molecular (Teixeira et al, 2014). Es importante mencionar que Barbosa et al (2018) realizaron la secuenciación genómica de seis subpoblaciones de M. perniciosa y M. roreri. Los genomas de estas cepas oscilaron entre las 44 y 47 Mpb, lo que representa en promedio el 87.5 % del genoma reportado por Meinhardt et al (2014) y un 13.5 % del genoma de M. roreri CPMRT01.…”

“…Estudios posteriores permitieron secuenciar y ensamblar 52,3 Mpb representados por 3,298 cóntigos (secuencias consenso de ADN) correspondientes al genoma de una cepa de M. roreri proveniente del estado de Los Ríos, Ecuador (Meinhardt et al, 2014). Por su parte, Barbosa et al (2018) realizaron la secuenciación y caracterización molecular de los genomas de seis cepas del género Moniliophthora divididas en subpoblaciones empleando plataformas de nueva generación.…”

Distribución potencial y nicho fundamental de Moniliophthora spp en cacao de América y África

“…La pudrición blanda del fruto o moniliasis producida por la infección de Moniliophthora roreri H. C. Evans, Stalpers, Samson & Benny (Mr), y la enfermedad de la escoba de bruja causada por el hongo Moniliophthora perniciosa (Stahel) Aime (Mp), son las dos patologías que generan mayores pérdidas en los cultivos de cacao (Theobroma cacao L) de América. Ambas especies de hongos son endémicas y originarias de Sudamérica tropical, conforman un clado monofilético dentro de la familia Marasmiaceae, orden Agaricales (Basidiomycota) (Aime y Phillips-Mora, 2005;Barbosa et al, 2018). A pesar de su cercanía filogenética, cada especie ataca órganos vegetales específicos de la planta y poseen distintos hospederos.…”

The pathogen Moniliophthora perniciosa promotes differential proteomic modulation of cacao genotypes with contrasting resistance to witches´ broom disease.

“…Studies on the T. cacao x M. perniciosa pathosystem are mainly related to sequencing and gene expression, such as the M. perniciosa genome [10], genome sequencing of six isolates of Moniliophthora spp from different hosts [11], M. perniciosa cDNA sequencing of different stages in its life cycle [12]. Also, the cDNA library of the T. cacao x M. perniciosa pathosystem [13], and the use of high throughput transcriptomic profiling during bitrophic interaction between T. cacao x M. perniciosa [14] were performed.…”