Genetic variation and relationships between Azerbaijani and Turkish olive genetic resources

Abstract

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the most economically important crop from east to the west around the world. The aim of this research was to investigate the genetic relationship among 41 olive genotypes, including 11 well-known Turkish cultivars and 30 Azerbaijani olive genotypes using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In this study, 19 SSR markers were amplified 115 polymorphic SSR alleles. The number of polymorphic alleles ranged from 3 to 10 with an average of 6.05. The observed heterozygosity (Ho) varied from 0.05 to 0.93 with an average of 0.63 and expected heterozygosity (He) differed from 0.26 to 0.86 with an average of 0.72. The polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.23 to 0.85 with a mean of 0.68. A UPGMA cluster analysis grouped olive genotypes into two distinct clusters and both clusters were divided into two subgroups. Similarly, STRU CTU RE analysis assigned olive genotypes into two different gene pools (K = 2) and four gene pools were identified representing the two subgroups by STRU CTU RE analysis for K = 4. The genetic similarity of olive genotypes ranged from 0.36 to 0.95. These results revealed that there was a high genetic variation among 30 Azerbaijani olive genotypes. 'Ayvalık 1'and 'Ayvalık 2' from Azerbaijani olive genotypes were different from Turkish local olive cultivar, "Ayvalık" indicating homonymy. This research also highlighted that Azerbaijani olive genotypes were totally distinct from Turkish olive cultivars demonstrating that these olive genotypes might have been imported to Azerbaijan from different countries other than Turkey. The outcomes of this study indicated that these diverse olive genotypes could be useful for development of new olive varieties in Azerbaijan and future breeding programs between two countries could be enhanced by means of these results.

Revealing the Diversity and Complex Relationships of Croatian Olive Germplasm

“…Similarly, the low values of probability of identity (PI) confirmed the high usefulness of the selected loci and could be related to the high diversity of Croatian olive germplasms. Additionally, the mean values of observed (H O ) and expected heterozygosity (H E ) were higher than the values previously reported for Croatian [45,47], Croatian and Turkish [42], Azerbaijani and Turkish [14], and Albanian [18] cultivars. These results show the considerable genetic diversity of cultivated germplasms in Croatia.…”

“…Some authors estimate that there are 2600 different olive cultivars [ 9 , 10 ], and that more than 1200 cultivars are cultivated worldwide [ 11 ]. However, this is only the tip of the iceberg, as there are numerous different cultivars with similar names, many cases of synonymy (different names for the same cultivar) and homonymy (same name for different cultivars) [ 12 , 13 , 14 ], and even unexplored olive germplasms that have yet to be found [ 13 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. These are the main reasons why the exact number of olive cultivars is still under debate.…”

“…These are the main reasons why the exact number of olive cultivars is still under debate. Surveying genetic resources is a dynamic and never-ending process to conserve genetic heritage, as shown by various studies carried out in countries such as Albania [ 18 ], Azerbaijan, Turkey [ 14 ], France [ 17 ], Italy [ 10 , 19 ], Malta [ 20 ], Spain [ 15 , 21 ], and Tunis [ 13 , 22 ], as well as studies covering the whole Mediterranean area [ 12 , 23 , 24 ]. Olive growing in Croatia is of great national importance.…”

Genetic Diversity of Common Olive (Olea europaea L.) Cultivars from Nikita Botanical Gardens Collection Revealed Using RAD-Seq Method

“…According to G. Bartolini, there are more than 2600 cultivars in the world [12], and 250 of Genes 2023, 14, 1323 2 of 14 them are classified by the International Olive Oil Council as "commercial cultivars" [13]. At the same time, S. Duran mentions more than 1200 cultivars [14], and C. Breton-more than 2000 cultivars [4]. The FAO Plant Production and Protection Division estimates that the world's olive germplasm collection contains more than 1200 different cultivars and more than 3600 synonyms [15,16], and many local cultivars and ecotypes contribute to this richness.…”