Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia

Dharmayanti, Ni Luh Putu Indi; Hewajuli, Dyah Ayu; Ratnawati, Atik; Hartawan, Risza

doi:10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e56

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Furthermore, in 2018, a reassortant event was reported between the HPAI H5N1 and LPAI virus, which has a constellation of PB1, PB2, and PA genes derived from the LPAI virus [ 7 ]. In 2020, the reassortment between the H5N1 virus clade 2.3.2 and clade 2.1.3 has been found circulating in the live bird markets in Indonesia [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Efficacy on the Novel Reassortant H9N2 Virus in Indonesia

2020

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Vaccination is one of the leading methods of controlling the spread of the Avian Influenza (AI) viruses in Indonesia. The variety of circulating viruses and their ability to mutate must be followed by updating the vaccine master seed used in the field. In this study, we identified the reassortant H9N2 viruses in chicken farms that showed significant problems in decreased egg production with high mortality. The reassortant H9N2 viruses derived the PB2 gene from the H5N1 virus. The pathogenicity test results of the reassortant virus showed various clinical signs of illness, a high mortality rate (10%), and decreased egg production down to 63.12% at two weeks post-infection. In a vaccine efficacy test, the vaccinated groups showed minimally decreased egg production that started to increase to more than 80% at 4–7 weeks post-challenge. Our study showed that inactivated bivalent and monovalent reassortant H9N2 vaccines can induce antibody response, reducing the mortality and virus shedding caused by reassortant H9N2 virus infection. The reassortant H9N2 virus is a threat that requires vigilance in poultry farms and the industry. The vaccines used in this study can be one of the options for control or prevention measures on farms infected with the reassortant H9N2 viruses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine Efficacy on the Novel Reassortant H9N2 Virus in Indonesia

2020

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“…High levels of avian influenza viruses of public health concern (e.g. H5N1, H7N9, H9N2) have been detected in LBMs throughout Asia, the Middle East and Africa through longitudinal surveillance initiatives [8][9][10][11][12] . Indeed, many human cases of AIV infection have been associated with contact with poultry at LBMs 13,14 .…”

Section: Avian Influenza Ecologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the current low number of human cases, influenza H5N1 circulation in poultry has continued unabated. Viral surveillance in LBMs has established that H5N1 circulation is occurring at levels similar to those detected during the peak period of human infections [8][9][10][11][12] . The current lack of human H5N1 cases may be linked to the dominant strain currently circulating (clade 2.3.2.1) being more 'avian-like' and not as readily able to jump the species gap to infect humans 25 .…”

Section: Current Influenza A/h5 Circulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Avian influenza H5N1: still a pandemic threat?

Horwood

2021

Microbiol. Aust.

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Highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses have become endemic in global poultry populations over the past 25 years and pose an ongoing public health threat. Although the incidence of human cases has declined, viruses from the H5N1 lineage can now be found in poultry throughout Asia, the Middle East and Africa, in addition to causing outbreaks in Europe and the Americas. The recent emergence and spread of reassortant H5Nx viruses, resulting in regional poultry outbreaks, has increased the risk for further evolution of these viruses and possible avian-to-human transmission. Ongoing surveillance and pandemic preparedness for H5N1 and other avian influenza viruses of public health concern are warranted.

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“…Geographical distribution, based on available geocoordinates, of confirmed HPAI A(H5N1) outbreaks in domestic birds (circles) and wild birds (triangles) (n=32); red symbols indicate outbreaks that occurred between 16 May and 15 August 2020, grey symbols indicate outbreaks that occurred between 15 August 2019 and 15 May 2020 (FAO, online-a) Information extracted from the scientific literatureAnnand et al (2020) described two A(H5N1) viruses isolated from infected chickens collected during an HPAI outbreak that took place in October 2018, in a backyard flock in south-eastern Laos. Their H5 sequences belonged to clade 2.3.2.1c and were related to other HPAI A(H5N1) viruses detected in Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam during the previous years.Following a surveillance programme from environment and poultry samples collected at live bird markets in Indonesia between 2014 and 2019,Dharmayanti et al (2020a) reported detection of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses belonging to clades 2.1.3.2a and 2.3.2.1c. Between 2017 and 2019, three clade 2.3.2.1c viruses were identified (one in 2017, from duck swab samples, and two in 2019, from Muscovy duck and chicken samples) as well as one clade 2.1.2.3a A(H5N1) virus (the latter characterised in 2018, from chicken swab samples).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Following a surveillance programme from environment and poultry samples collected at live bird markets in Indonesia between 2014 and 2019,Dharmayanti et al (2020a) reported detection of HPAI A(H5N1) viruses belonging to clades 2.1.3.2a and 2.3.2.1c. Between 2017 and 2019, three clade 2.3.2.1c viruses were identified (one in 2017, from duck swab samples, and two in 2019, from Muscovy duck and chicken samples) as well as one clade 2.1.2.3a A(H5N1) virus (the latter characterised in 2018, from chicken swab samples).…”

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Avian influenza overview May – August 2020

Adlhoch¹,

Fusaro²,

Kuiken³

et al. 2020

EFS2

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Between 16 May and 15 August 2020, seven highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N8) virus outbreaks were reported in Europe in poultry, with one outbreak reported in Bulgaria(n=1) andsix in Hungary (n=6) and one low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H5N3) virus outbreak was reported in poultry in Italy. All six outbreaks detected in Hungary were secondary outbreaks and seem to be the tail end of the HPAI A(H5N8) epidemic that wasobserved in poultry over the winter and spring in central Europe from December 2019 (n=334).Genetic analysis of the HPAI A(H5N8) viruses isolated during this reporting period from Bulgaria and Hungary did not identify any major changes compared tothe viruses collected in the respective countries during the first months of 2020. This suggests a persistence of the virus in the two countries rather than new introductions via infectedwild birds. HPAI A(H5N8) virus has been detected in poultry and wild birds in western Russia within the reporting period, and as of the middle of September also in Kazakhstan. The presence of HPAI virus in western Russiaand in north Kazakhstan,spatially associated with autumnmigration routes of wild waterbirds, is of concern due to the possible spread of the virus via wild birds migrating to the EU.It is highly recommended thatMember States take appropriate measures to promptly detect suspected cases of HPAI, including increasing biosecurity measures. According to past experiences (2005‐2006 and 2016‐2017 epidemic waves), the northern and eastern European areas might be at higher risk of virus introduction in the coming autumn‐winter seasonand should be the key regions where prompt response measures to early detect the virusshould be set up. One human case due to A(H9N2) avian influenza virus infection was reported during the reporting period.

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Genetic diversity of the H5N1 viruses in live bird markets, Indonesia

Cited by 14 publications

References 37 publications

Vaccine Efficacy on the Novel Reassortant H9N2 Virus in Indonesia

Vaccine Efficacy on the Novel Reassortant H9N2 Virus in Indonesia

Avian influenza H5N1: still a pandemic threat?

Avian influenza overview May – August 2020

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