Genetic and Developmental Control of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

Dooner, Hugo K.; Robbins, Timothy P.; Jorgensen, Richard A.

doi:10.1146/annurev.ge.25.120191.001133

Cited by 550 publications

(226 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Of the 1,661 flavonol O-glycosides registered in the KNApSAcK data base, A Comprehensive Species-Metabolite Relationship Database (18), flavonol 7-rhamnosides account for 11.6%. 4 However, no gene coding for 7RhaT has been identified despite its importance in flavonoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis and other plant species. The huge diversity of UGTs makes it difficult to define their biochemical functions solely by their primary structures as a simple phylogenetic relationship based upon primary structure can give ambiguous and often misleading predictions of biochemical function.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Flavonol 7-O-Rhamnosyltransferase Gene Determining Flavonoid Pattern in Arabidopsis by Transcriptome Coexpression Analysis and Reverse Genetics

Yonekura‐Sakakibara

Tohge

Niida

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

244

208

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confidence: 99%

Identification of a Flavonol 7-O-Rhamnosyltransferase Gene Determining Flavonoid Pattern in Arabidopsis by Transcriptome Coexpression Analysis and Reverse Genetics

Yonekura‐Sakakibara

Tohge

Niida

et al. 2007

Journal of Biological Chemistry

244

208

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“…These late-stage reactions are concerned with fine adjustment for a variety of floral color (2). All biosynthetic enzymes leading to anthocyanidin 3-O-glucoside have been characterized with their cDNA clones, which have been isolated by applying various cloning strategies (3)(4)(5). However, a few genes encoding enzymes for the modification of anthocyanins, such as UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5-GT) 1 and malonyl transferase, have not yet been isolated.…”

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confidence: 99%

Molecular Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Anthocyanin 5-O-Glucosyltransferase by mRNA Differential Display for Plant Forms Regarding Anthocyanin

Yamazaki¹,

Gong²,

Fukuchi-Mizutani³

et al. 1999

Journal of Biological Chemistry

135

108

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UDP-glucose: anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5-GT) is responsible for the modification of anthocyanins to more stable molecules in complexes for co-pigmentation, supposedly resulting in a purple hue. The cDNA encoding 5-GT was isolated by a differential display applied to two different forms of anthocyanin production in Perilla frutescens var. crispa. Differential display was carried out for mRNA from the leaves of reddish-purple and green forms of P. frutescens, resulting in the isolation of five cDNA clones predominantly expressed in the red form. The cDNA encoded a polypeptide of 460 amino acids, exhibiting a low homology with the sequences of several glucosyltransferases including UDP-glucose: anthocyanidin 3-O-glucosyltransferase. By using this cDNA as the probe, we also isolated a homologous cDNA clone from a petal cDNA library of Verbena hybrida. To identify the biochemical function of the encoded proteins, these cDNAs were expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The recombinant proteins in the yeast extracts catalyzed the conversion of anthocyanidin 3-Oglucosides into the corresponding anthocyanidin 3,5-di-O-glucosides using UDP-glucose as a cofactor, indicating the identity of the cDNAs encoding 5-GT. Several biochemical properties (optimum pH, K m values, and sensitivity to inhibitors) were similar to those reported previously for 5-GTs. Southern blot analysis indicated the presence of two copies of 5-GT genes in the genome of both red and green forms of P. frutescens. The mRNA accumulation of the 5-GT gene was detected in the leaves of the red form but not in those of the green form and was induced by illumination of light, as observed for other structural genes for anthocyanin biosynthesis in P. frutescens.

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“…One major section of the pathway controls the synthesis of C-glycosyl flavones (including maysin), phlobaphenes (responsible for red cob and pericarp pigments), and 3-deoxyanthocyanins, and is regulated by the transcription activator pl (15). The other section of the pathway leads to flavonols and anthocyanins, and is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by the coordinate action of rl or bl plus cl or pll (13,14). P1, Cl, and PL1 proteins all have myb-homologous DNA binding domain sequences, but P1 can act alone to activate transcription of structural (enzyme-encoding) genes under its control, whereas Cl and PL1 require Rl or Bi for activity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks.

Byrne

McMullen²,

Snook³

et al. 1996

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

186

139

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Interpretation of quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies of agronomic traits is limited by lack of knowledge of biochemical pathways leading to trait expression. To more fully elucidate the biological significance of detected QTL, we chose a trait that is the product of a well-characterized pathway, namely the concentration of maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, in silks of maize, Zea mays L. Maysin is a host-plant resistance factor against the corn earworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie). We determined silk maysin concentrations and restriction fragment length polymorphism genotypes at flavonoid pathway loci or linked markers for 285 F2 plants derived from the cross of lines GT114 and GT119.Single-factor analysis of variance indicated that the p1 region on chromosome 1 accounted for 58.0%o of the phenotypic variance and showed additive gene action. The pi locus is a transcription activator for portions of the flavonoid pathway. A second QTL, represented by marker umclO5a near the brown pericarpi locus on chromosome 9, accounted for 10.8% of the variance. Gene action of this region was dominant for low maysin, but was only expressed in the presence of a functional pi allele. The model explaining the greatest proportion of phenotypic variance (75.9%) included pi, umclOSa, umcl66b (chromosome 1), ri (chromosome 10), and two epistatic interaction terms, pi x umclO5a and pi x ri. Our results provide evidence that regulatory loci have a central role and that there is a complex interplay among different branches of the flavonoid pathway in the expression of this trait.Development of molecular-marker linkage maps in many species facilitates the identification of chromosome regions associated with variation in quantitative traits (1). By dissecting the continuous phenotypic variation typical of many traits into contributions from discrete genetic factors, quantitative trait locus (QTL) studies provide insights into trait inheritance and genome organization, and often are sufficient to initiate marker-assisted selection. However, the biological interpretation of QTL data is generally limited by lack of knowledge of the genetics, biochemistry, and physiology underlying trait expression. To advance the level of QTL interpretation, we analyzed variation in an economically important trait that is determined by a well-characterized genetic and biochemical pathway.The corn earworm (CEW) is a major silk-and kernelfeeding insect pest of maize in the United States and parts of Latin America (2, 3). Host-plant resistance to CEW results from both antibiosis due to chemical factors in silks (stylar/ stigmatic tissue), and morphological features such as tight covering of the ear by husk leaves (4). Understanding of the nature of antibiosis to CEW was advanced when maysin (Fig. 1), a C-glycosyl flavone that inhibits CEW larval growth, was isolated from silks of the Mexican maize landrace "Zapalote Chico" (5). Later, Wiseman et al. (6) found a highly significant relationship between increased silk maysin concentration and reduced earworm ...

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Genetic and Developmental Control of Anthocyanin Biosynthesis

Cited by 550 publications

References 48 publications

Identification of a Flavonol 7-O-Rhamnosyltransferase Gene Determining Flavonoid Pattern in Arabidopsis by Transcriptome Coexpression Analysis and Reverse Genetics

Identification of a Flavonol 7-O-Rhamnosyltransferase Gene Determining Flavonoid Pattern in Arabidopsis by Transcriptome Coexpression Analysis and Reverse Genetics

Molecular Cloning and Biochemical Characterization of a Novel Anthocyanin 5-O-Glucosyltransferase by mRNA Differential Display for Plant Forms Regarding Anthocyanin

Quantitative trait loci and metabolic pathways: genetic control of the concentration of maysin, a corn earworm resistance factor, in maize silks.

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