Genetic Ablation of &lt;i&gt;Drosophila&lt;/i&gt; Phagocytes Reveals Their Contribution to Both Development and Resistance to Bacterial Infection

Defaye, Arnaud; Evans, Iwan Robert; Crozatier, Michèle; Wood, Will; Lemaître, Bruno; Leulier, François

doi:10.1159/000210264

Cited by 112 publications

(166 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…The finding that Eater is able to bind to live S. aureus and E. faecalis provides a simple, straightforward explanation for the in vivo protective role of Eater against S. aureus and E. faecalis infections (11,13,16). It suggests that Eater may directly target naive Gram-positive Firmicutes in the host, leading to their phagocytic clearance and destruction and to the effective control of bacterial loads.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These Drosophila phagocytes are long-lived (7,8) and devoid of neutrophil-like granules (9,10). They play essential roles in tissue remodeling during development (11) and in immunity during infection (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Our laboratory identified Eater, a receptor expressed by S2 cells and primary hemocytes (15). Eater plays a critical, non-redundant role in host survival after bacterial infections (11,13,15,16). 2 Flies lacking the eater gene display impaired phagocytosis and increased bacterial loads yet intact immune signaling via the NFB-like pathways Toll and Imd (15,16).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Recognition of Pathogenic Microbes by the Drosophila Phagocytic Pattern Recognition Receptor Eater

Chung

Kocks

2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Non-opsonic phagocytosis is a primordial form of pathogen recognition that is mediated by the direct interaction of phagocytic receptors with microbial surfaces. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, the EGF-like repeat containing scavenger receptor Eater is expressed by phagocytes and is required to survive infections with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. However, the mechanisms by which this receptor recognizes different types of bacteria are poorly understood. To address this problem, we generated a soluble, Fc-tagged receptor variant of Eater comprising the N-terminal 199 amino acids including four EGF-like repeats. We first established that Eater-Fc displayed specific binding to broad yet distinct classes of heat-or ethanol-inactivated microbes and behaved similarly to the membrane-bound, full-length Eater receptor. We then used Eater-Fc as a tool to probe Eater binding to the surface of live bacteria. Eater-Fc bound equally well to naive or inactivated Staphylococcus aureus or Enterococcus faecalis, suggesting that in vivo, Eater directly targets live Gram-positive bacteria, enabling their phagocytic clearance and destruction. By contrast, Eater-Fc was unable to interact with live, naive Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). For these bacteria, Eater-Fc binding required membrane-disrupting treatments. Furthermore, we found that cecropin A, a cationic, membrane-disrupting antimicrobial peptide, could promote Eater-Fc binding to live E. coli, even at sublethal concentrations. These results suggest a previously unrecognized mechanism by which antimicrobial peptides cooperate with phagocytic receptors to extend the range of microbes that can be targeted by a single, germline-encoded receptor.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Recognition of Pathogenic Microbes by the Drosophila Phagocytic Pattern Recognition Receptor Eater

Chung

Kocks

2011

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…Viable flies lacking all or most plasmatocytes are called phagoless and can be generated by crossing a hemocyte gal4 driver (Hml-Gal4 or spn-Gal4) to either uas-Bax or both uashid and uas-rpr [53,54].…”

Section: Immune Deficiency Mutantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hemocyte drivers and markers w 1118 ; P{Hml-GAL4.D}2, P{UAS-2xEGFP}AH2 BL30140 [53,54] This GAL4 line expresses in all the plasmatocytes. Note that this line is deleted for NimC1 gene [133].…”

Section: References Commentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methods to study Drosophila immunity

Neyen

Bretscher

Binggeli

et al. 2014

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a b s t r a c tInnate immune mechanisms are well conserved throughout evolution, and many theoretical concepts, molecular pathways and gene networks are applicable to invertebrate model organisms as much as vertebrate ones. Drosophila immunity research benefits from an easily manipulated genome, a fantastic international resource of transgenic tools and over a quarter century of accumulated techniques and approaches to study innate immunity. Here we present a short collection of ways to challenge the fruit fly immune system with various pathogens and parasites, as well as read-outs to assess its functions, including cellular and humoral immune responses. Our review covers techniques for assessing the kinetics and efficiency of immune responses quantitatively and qualitatively, such as survival analysis, bacterial persistence, antimicrobial peptide gene expression, phagocytosis and melanisation assays. Finally, we offer a toolkit of Drosophila strains available to the research community for current and future research.

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Drosophilahematopoiesis under normal conditions and in response to immune stress

et al. 2016

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The emergence of hematopoietic progenitors and their differentiation into various highly specialized blood cell types constitute a finely tuned process. Unveiling the genetic cascades that control blood cell progenitor fate and understanding how they are modulated in response to environmental changes are two major challenges in the field of hematopoiesis. In the last 20 years, many studies have established important functional analogies between blood cell development in vertebrates and in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Thereby, Drosophila has emerged as a powerful genetic model for studying mechanisms that control hematopoiesis during normal development or in pathological situations. Moreover, recent advances in Drosophila have highlighted how intricate cell communication networks and microenvironmental cues regulate blood cell homeostasis. They have also revealed the striking plasticity of Drosophila mature blood cells and the presence of different sites of hematopoiesis in the larva. This review provides an overview of Drosophila hematopoiesis during development and summarizes our current knowledge on the molecular processes controlling larval hematopoiesis, both under normal conditions and in response to an immune challenge, such as wasp parasitism.

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Genetic Ablation of <i>Drosophila</i> Phagocytes Reveals Their Contribution to Both Development and Resistance to Bacterial Infection

Cited by 112 publications

References 95 publications

Recognition of Pathogenic Microbes by the Drosophila Phagocytic Pattern Recognition Receptor Eater

Recognition of Pathogenic Microbes by the Drosophila Phagocytic Pattern Recognition Receptor Eater

Methods to study Drosophila immunity

Drosophilahematopoiesis under normal conditions and in response to immune stress

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