Generic evaluation of FSO system over Málaga turbulence channel with MPPM and non‐zero‐boresight pointing errors

Alshaer, Nancy; Ismail, Tawfik; Nasr, Mohamed E.

doi:10.1049/iet-com.2020.0296

Cited by 10 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…is the responsivity of the photo-detector, ω IF is the angular frequency difference (ω q − ω L ), and Δφ(t) is the time-varying phase difference (φ s (t) − φ L (t)). The received optical power P R , for vertical or horizontal polarized components, can be expressed as a function of the overall channel state h by [45], [46]:…”

Section: B the Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance Evaluation and Security Analysis of UAV-Based FSO/CV-QKD System Employing DP-QPSK/CD

Alshaer

Ismail

2022

IEEE Photonics J.

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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) based on free-space optical (FSO) systems combine the benefits of both the high data rate of the FSO and the mobility of UAV. However, cumulative effects of laser beam divergence and turbulence-induced fading on the received irradiance in the FSO link might allow an external eavesdropper located near the authorized receiver to break the transmission under certain conditions. Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a technique of secure communication that employs quantum mechanics-based cryptography principles. A combination of a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) and Gaussian modulation of quantum coherent states (GMCS) enables a relatively secure communication system against collective attacks over FSO transmission links. However, the performance is restricted and degraded due to the influence of atmospheric turbulence and excess noise. This paper aims to evaluate the performance of a secured UAV-based FSO system utilizing prepare and measure CV-QKD protocol based on GMCS under collective attack in terms of quantum bit error rate (QBER), outage probability, and secret key rate (SKR) considering the impairments of the FSO channel, link budget, deviations in the position and attitude angles of the UAV, channel fluctuating transmittance, and excess noise. The system parameters, including transmit power, receiver's field-of-view, and beam divergence angle, are optimized to satisfy the system's design criteria of threshold-QBER = 10 −3 and threshold outage probability = 10 −2 . The proposed system tolerates boresight displacement up to 7 cm with the optimized values. The Closed-form expressions and analytical results are confirmed by Monte-Carlo simulations.

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Section: B the Receivermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The five symplectic eigenvalues λ 1−5 are expressed in [59]. Finally, the Shannon capacity limit which maps I AB over the quantum channel with PDF f h (h) expressed in (6), is derived as [46], [64]:…”

Section: B Secret Key-rate Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance Evaluation and Security Analysis of UAV-Based FSO/CV-QKD System Employing DP-QPSK/CD

Alshaer

Ismail

2022

IEEE Photonics J.

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“…In contrast, Bob has only the detection entanglement operation. A random bit stream emits from a random number generator (RNG) and modulates with the MPPM technique [38] [36]. In the classical MPPM, each symbol contains only one pulse located in a specific time slot.…”

Section: B Quantum Preparation and Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The upper bound of the received instantaneous error probability P e (h) for MPPM for a given channel state h is deduced in [58] and provided as a function of average signal to noise ratio SNR in [59] and [60] as:…”

Section: A Proposed Expression For Average Symbol Error Ratementioning

confidence: 99%

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Reliability and Security Analysis of an Entanglement-Based QKD Protocol in a Dynamic Ground-to-UAV FSO Communications System

Alshaer

Moawad

Ismail³

2021

IEEE Access

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Quantum cryptography is a promising technology that achieves unconditional security, which is essential to a wide range of sensitive applications. In contrast to optical fiber, the free-space optical (FSO) link is efficiently used as a quantum channel without affecting the polarization of transmitted photons. However, the FSO link has several impairments, such as atmospheric turbulence and pointing errors, which affect the performance of the quantum channel. This paper proposes a quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme that uses a time-bin entanglement protocol over the FSO channel that suffers from various channel impairments. Due to the interest in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their usefulness for many social, internet-of-things (IoT), civil, and military applications, the proposed QKD-FSO system is integrated with the ground-to-UAV platform. Furthermore, variances in the position and orientation of the UAV are investigated using a tracking system. These variances are considered when evaluating the overall performance of the proposed integrated system. For this purpose, closed-form expressions are obtained for the system average symbol error rate (ASER) and outage probability. The Monte Carlo simulation is used to verify the validity of the proposed expressions. The system security is investigated assuming photon number splitting (PNS) attack. Moreover, the transmit power, time-bin number, and modulation order are optimized to maximize the raw and secret key rates. The results show that for 500 m link, ASER < 10 −1 and link outage probability < 10 −1 with tolerating boresight displacement up to 30 cm, the system should be configured at receiver's field-of-view > 22 mrad and signal-to-noise ratio > 7.5 dB which leads SNR th < 2.5 dB and raw key rate maximized by adjusting the number of time bins according to the received SNR.INDEX TERMS FSO communication, channel fluctuations, quantum cryptography, entanglement photon, E91 protocol, raw key rate, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), tracking system, Kalman filter, performance evaluation, photon number splitting (PNS).

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Impact of nonzero boresight and jitter pointing errors on the performance of M-ary ASK/FSO system over Málaga $$\left( {\mathcal{M}} \right)$$ atmospheric turbulence

et al. 2021

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Generic evaluation of FSO system over Málaga turbulence channel with MPPM and non‐zero‐boresight pointing errors

Cited by 10 publications

References 29 publications

Performance Evaluation and Security Analysis of UAV-Based FSO/CV-QKD System Employing DP-QPSK/CD

Performance Evaluation and Security Analysis of UAV-Based FSO/CV-QKD System Employing DP-QPSK/CD

Reliability and Security Analysis of an Entanglement-Based QKD Protocol in a Dynamic Ground-to-UAV FSO Communications System

Impact of nonzero boresight and jitter pointing errors on the performance of M-ary ASK/FSO system over Málaga $$\left( {\mathcal{M}} \right)$$ atmospheric turbulence

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