Generation of Stabilized Microbubbles in Seawater

Johnson, Bruce D.; Cooke, Robert C.

doi:10.1126/science.213.4504.209

Cited by 164 publications

(119 citation statements)

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“…18 This applies also when natural particles of considerable surface roughness, present in ordinary tap water, are exposed to tensile stress at low temperature, which explains the observed dependency of the tensile strength of such water on the temperature. 11 Johnson and Cooke's experiments, 15 and Yount's, 8 show that gas bubbles stabilized by a skin exist in ordinary water, but usually particles covered by such skin are also present. Let us consider the critical size of both kinds of cavitation nuclei.…”

Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on cavitation nuclei in water

Mørch

2007

Physics of Fluids

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The origin of cavitation bubbles, cavitation nuclei, has been a subject of debate since the early years of cavitation research. This paper presents an analysis of a representative selection of experimental investigations of cavitation inception and the tensile strength of water. At atmospheric pressure, the possibility of stabilization of free gas bubbles by a skin has been documented, but only within a range of bubble sizes that makes them responsible for tensile strengths up to about 1.5 bar, and values reaching almost 300 bar have been measured. However, cavitation nuclei can also be harbored on the surface of particles and bounding walls. Such nuclei can be related to the full range of tensile strengths measured, when differences of experimental conditions are taken into consideration. The absence or presence of contamination on surfaces, as well as the structure of the surfaces, are central to explaining why the tensile strength of water varies so dramatically between the experiments reported. A model for calculation of the critical pressure of skin-covered free gas bubbles as well as that of interfacial gaseous nuclei covered by a skin is presented. This model is able to bridge the apparently conflicting results of the many scientists, who have been working in the field over the years.

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Section: -3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reflections on cavitation nuclei in water

Mørch

2007

Physics of Fluids

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“…Stable, non-spherical shapes of pressurized systems that have no obvious source of a stress-bearing network have been reported for dirty air bubbles in the ocean 6 and for various cellular organelles 7 . Also, systems such as gelled lipids on air bubbles 8 and protein-coated vesicles 9 show plasticity.…”

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confidence: 99%

Erratum: Nanoscale hydrodynamics: Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes

Majumder¹,

Chopra²,

Andrews³

et al. 2005

Nature

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“…The coating process prevents gas diffusion and stabilizes the bubbles against buoyancy (Fox and Herzfeld, 1954;Yount, 1979). While rising bubbles burst at the surface and form whitecaps and bubble rafts, stabilized bubbles can stay in water for hundreds to thousands of seconds (Johnson and Cooke, 1981). Under moderate wind conditions (> 3 m s −1 ) most bubbles near the ocean surface are generated by breaking waves (Thorpe and Humphries, 1980;Thorpe, 1982;Thorpe and Hall, 1983;Lamarre and Melville, 1991).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1). While whitecaps last for only seconds, subsurface bubbles can have a much longer lifetime (e.g., Johnson and Cooke, 1981). Theoretically, an air bubble in pure water would either rise to the surface under buoyancy (Harper, 1972) or dissolve under surface tension pressure (Epstein and Plesset, 1950).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One need only consider the example of a ship wake, which can exist for longer than 3 min, to see the impact of stable submerged bubble populations on water-leaving radiance (Zhang et al, 2004). However, even under low-wind conditions there can be an enhancement in the bubble population due to rain drops (Pumphrey and Elmore, 1990), melting snow (Blanchard and Woodcock, 1957), biological processes (Medwin, 1970), outgassing of sediments (Mulhearn, 1981), growth from stable cavitation nuclei due to gas supersaturation (Johnson and Cooke, 1981), and supersonic pressure (Messinó et al, 1963).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A theoretical study of the effect of subsurface oceanic bubbles on the enhanced aerosol optical depth band over the southern oceans as detected from MODIS and MISR

Christensen

Zhang

Reid³

et al. 2015

Atmos. Meas. Tech.

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Abstract. Submerged oceanic bubbles, which have a much longer life span than whitecaps or bubble rafts, have been hypothesized to increase the water-leaving radiance and thus affect satellite-based estimates of water-leaving radiance to non-trivial levels. This study explores this effect further to determine whether such bubbles are of sufficient magnitude to impact satellite aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals through perturbation of the lower boundary conditions. There has been significant discussion in the community regarding the high positive biases in retrieved AODs in many remote ocean regions. In this study, for the first time, the effects of oceanic bubbles on satellite retrievals of AOD are studied by using a linked Second Simulation of a Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) atmospheric and HydroLight oceanic radiative transfer models. The results suggest an insignificant impact on AOD retrievals in regions with near-surface wind speeds of less than 12 m s −1 . However, the impact of bubbles on aerosol retrievals could be on the order of 0.02-0.04 for higher wind conditions within the scope of our simulations (e.g., winds < 20 m s −1 ). This bias is propagated to global scales using 1 year of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer EOS (AMSR-E) data to investigate the possible impacts of oceanic bubbles on an enhanced AOD belt observed over the high-latitude southern oceans (also called the enhanced southern oceans anomaly, or ESOA) by some passive satellite sensors. Ultimately, this study is supportive of the null hypothesis: submerged bubbles are not the major contributor to the ESOA feature. This said, as retrievals progress to higher and higher resolutions, such as from airborne platforms, the uniform bubble correction in clean marine conditions should probably be separately accounted for against individual bright whitecaps and bubble rafts.

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Generation of Stabilized Microbubbles in Seawater

Cited by 164 publications

References 10 publications

Reflections on cavitation nuclei in water

Reflections on cavitation nuclei in water

Erratum: Nanoscale hydrodynamics: Enhanced flow in carbon nanotubes

A theoretical study of the effect of subsurface oceanic bubbles on the enhanced aerosol optical depth band over the southern oceans as detected from MODIS and MISR

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