General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events

Carpenter, Stephen R.; Arrow, Kenneth J.; Barrett, Scott; Biggs, Reinette; Brock, William A.; Crépin, Anne‐Sophie; Engström, Gustav; Folke, Carl; Hughes, Terry P.; Kautsky, Nils; Li, Chuanzhong; McCarney, Geoffrey R.; Meng, Kyle C.; Mäler, Karl‐Göran; Polasky, Stephen; Scheffer, Marten; Shogren, Jason F.; Sterner, Thomas; Vincent, Jeffrey R.; Walker, Brian; Xepapadeas, Anastasios; Zeeuw, Aart de

doi:10.3390/su4123248

Cited by 300 publications

(252 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…In this case study, increased illegal fishing activity triggered by the fishery boom has overwhelmed the capacity of local cooperatives to respond effectively. Such observations align with work by Carpenter et al (2012) where they posit, "extreme events that are unusually intense or extensive require a more all-purpose kind of resilience" (p.3250). They suggest that dramatic change both "erodes capacity to organize and respond, and induces new feedbacks that tend to keep the system in the disturbed state" (Carpenter et al, 2012 p.3250), thus presenting a formidable challenge for institutions.…”

Section: Implications Of Shocks For Adaptive Capacity and Adaptationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Catching sea cucumber fever in coastal communities: Conceptualizing the impacts of shocks versus trends on social-ecological systems

Kaplan-Hallam¹,

Bennett²,

Satterfield³

2018

Preprint

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Research on vulnerability and adaptation in social-ecological systems (SES) has largely centered on climate change and associated biophysical stressors. Key implications of this are twofold. First, there has been limited engagement with the impacts of social drivers of change on communities and linked SES. Second, the focus on climate effects often assumes slower drivers of change and fails to differentiate the implications of change occurring at different timescales. This has resulted in a body of SES scholarship that is under-theorized in terms of how communities experience and respond to fast versus slow change. Yet, social and economic processes at global scales increasingly emerge as 'shocks' for local systems, driving rapid and often surprising forms of change distinct from and yet interacting with the impacts of slow, ongoing 'trends'. This research seeks to understand the nature and impacts of social shocks as opposed to or in concert with trends through the lens of a qualitative case study of a coastal community in Mexico, where demand from international seafood markets has spurred rapid development of a sea cucumber fishery. Specifically, we examined what different socialecological changes are being experienced by the community, how the impacts of the sea cucumber fishery are distinct from and interacting with slower ongoing trends and how these processes are affecting system vulnerability, adaptations and adaptive capacity. We begin by proposing a novel framework for conceptualizing impacts on social systems, as comprised of structures, functions, and feedbacks. Our results illustrate how the rapid-onset of this fishery has ecological changes are being experienced by the community, how the impacts of the sea cucumber fishery are distinct from and interacting with slower ongoing trends and in poaching and armed violence have emerged, exacerbating pressures from ongoing trends in immigration, overfishing and tourism development. We argue that there is a need to better understand and differentiate the social and ecological implications of shocks, which present novel challenges for the vulnerability and adaptive capacity of communities and the sustainability of marine ecosystems.

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Section: Implications Of Shocks For Adaptive Capacity and Adaptationsupporting

confidence: 81%

Catching sea cucumber fever in coastal communities: Conceptualizing the impacts of shocks versus trends on social-ecological systems

Kaplan-Hallam¹,

Bennett²,

Satterfield³

2018

Preprint

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“…If the resulting ecosystem state has high resilience to familiar disturbances but low resilience to novel disturbances, then new risks are created. We are left with the conundrum that it is easier to build resilience to known perturbations than to the full range of potential novel disturbances, some of which are unknown or unimagined (11,48,52). Thus, building general resilience to deal with the unknown combined with continuous observation and learning seem to be essential.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, there are tradeoffs between resilience of the irrigation system to a small set of known kinds of disturbance and resilience to the vast universe of unknown novel shocks. Resilience to unknown and unforeseeable shocks, or general resilience, remains a major challenge for research and practice (11,12,46,48).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allowing variance may enlarge the safe operating space for exploited ecosystems

Carpenter

Brock

Folke

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

112

106

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Variable flows of food, water, or other ecosystem services complicate planning. Management strategies that decrease variability and increase predictability may therefore be preferred. However, actions to decrease variance over short timescales (2-4 y), when applied continuously, may lead to long-term ecosystem changes with adverse consequences. We investigated the effects of managing short-term variance in three well-understood models of ecosystem services: lake eutrophication, harvest of a wild population, and yield of domestic herbivores on a rangeland. In all cases, actions to decrease variance can increase the risk of crossing critical ecosystem thresholds, resulting in less desirable ecosystem states. Managing to decrease shortterm variance creates ecosystem fragility by changing the boundaries of safe operating spaces, suppressing information needed for adaptive management, cancelling signals of declining resilience, and removing pressures that may build tolerance of stress. Thus, the management of variance interacts strongly and inseparably with the management of resilience. By allowing for variation, learning, and flexibility while observing change, managers can detect opportunities and problems as they develop while sustaining the capacity to deal with them.adaptive management | critical transition | ecosystem | resilience | variance

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“…This kind of diversity is named response diversity [27]. In other words, functional diversity provides for different kinds of functions, and response diversity provides for components that have similar functions, but different responses to disturbance, so the function can be maintained if a component is damaged [19]. Both functional and response diversity increase resilience [5].…”

Section: Diversitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities

et al. 2016

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Urbanization is a major driver of land use change and global environmental decline. With accelerated urbanization worldwide, it is essential to put in place new policies to conserve urban ecosystems, species and the services these provide in order to secure more sustainable, resilient and livable cities for the 21st century. In urban planning, the concept of resilience has broadly replaced the word sustainability. In recent years, resilience indicators have been gradually developed, but few address urban resilience from a social-ecological systems perspective. We develop a methodological framework to measure urban resilience, define an urban resilience index and apply it to Spanish province capitals as a case study. Results show that most Spanish province capitals are far from being resilient. We conclude that increased efforts to measure urban resilience should be in place, and we offer the urban resilience index as a theoretical framework for measuring resilience in urban social-ecological systems that can be gradually improved as more data become available.

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General Resilience to Cope with Extreme Events

Cited by 300 publications

References 51 publications

Catching sea cucumber fever in coastal communities: Conceptualizing the impacts of shocks versus trends on social-ecological systems

Catching sea cucumber fever in coastal communities: Conceptualizing the impacts of shocks versus trends on social-ecological systems

Allowing variance may enlarge the safe operating space for exploited ecosystems

Towards an Urban Resilience Index: A Case Study in 50 Spanish Cities

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