Gene expression in space

Hammond, Timothy G.; Lewis, Fawn C.; Goodwin, Thomas J.; Linnehan, R. M.; Wolf, Dwayne A.; Hire, K.P.; Campbell, W. C.; Benes, Edmund; O'Reilly, K.; Globus, Ruth K.; Kaysen, James H.

doi:10.1038/7331

Cited by 136 publications

(89 citation statements)

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“…Several investigations conducted in space laboratories and with instruments averaging the gravity vector, and thus simulating conditions of reduced gravity, have shown that isolated cells may change their behavior under altered gravitational conditions. Loss of cell activation [Cogoli et al, 1984], perturbation of signal transduction [Schmitt et al, 1996;Hashemi et al, 1999] and modification of genetic expression [Walther et al, 1998;Hammond et al, 1999] have been described. This suggests that some of the mechanisms at the roots of the systemic effects observed in weightlessness, such as depression of the immune system [Gmü nder and Cogoli, 1996] …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeled gravitational unloading triggers differentiation and apoptosis in preosteoclastic cells

et al. 2006

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Gravity acts permanently on organisms as either static or dynamic stimulation. Understanding the influence of gravitational and mechanical stimuli on biological systems is an intriguing scientific problem. More than two decades of life science studies in low g, either real or modeled by clinostats, as well as experimentation with devices simulating different types of controlled mechanical stimuli, have shown that important biological functions are altered at the single cell level. Here, we show that the human leukemic line FLG 29.1, characterized as an osteoclastic precursor model, is directly sensitive to gravitational unloading, modeled by a random positioning machine (RPM). The phenotypic expression of cytoskeletal proteins, osteoclastic markers, and factors regulating apoptosis was investigated using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods, while the expression of the corresponding genes was analyzed using RT-PCR. A quantitative bone resorption assay was performed. Autofluorescence spectroscopy and imaging were applied to gain information on cell metabolism. The results show that modeled hypogravity may trigger both differentiation and apoptosis in FLG 29.1 cells. Indeed, when comparing RPM versus 1 Â g cultures, in the former we found cytoskeletal alterations and a marked increase in apoptosis, but the surviving cells showed an osteoclastic-like morphology, overexpression of osteoclastic markers and the ability to resorb bone. In particular, the overexpression of both RANK and its ligand RANKL, maintained even after return to 1 Â g conditions, is consistent with the firing of a differentiation process via a paracrine/autocrine mechanism. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 65-80, 2006. ß 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.Key words: weightlessness; preosteoclastic differentiation; apoptosis; bone resorption; osteoporosis; gene expressionThe importance of gravity in modulating some biological processes, such as plant gravitropism and the adaptation of the vertebrate skeleton in relation to its load-bearing function, has long been known. Nevertheless, the role of gravity and other mechanical factors in biological processes is far from clear. A weightless environment is a powerful tool for understanding this role and for studying the related cellular and molecular mechanisms. Several investigations conducted in space laboratories and with instruments averaging the gravity vector, and thus simulating conditions of reduced gravity, have shown that isolated cells may change their behavior under altered gravitational conditions. Loss of cell activation [Cogoli et al., 1984], perturbation of signal transduction [Schmitt et al., 1996;Hashemi et al., 1999] and modification of genetic expression [Walther et al., 1998;Hammond et al., 1999] have been described. This suggests that some of the mechanisms at the roots of the systemic effects observed in weightlessness, such as depression of the immune system [Gmü nder and Cogoli, 1996]

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeled gravitational unloading triggers differentiation and apoptosis in preosteoclastic cells

et al. 2006

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“…Interestingly, the virtual absence of gravity also had profound effects on the cellular and molecular level, including changes in cell morphology Hughes-Fulford et al 2003), modification of gene expression Hammond et al 1999;Liu and Wang 2008), changes in signal transduction cascades (de Groot et al 1991b;Ullrich et al 2008) and even changes in the selforganisation of tubulin (Papaseit et al 2000;Glade et al 2006;Tabony et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation of Microgravity by Magnetic Levitation and Random Positioning: Effect on Human A431 Cell Morphology

Moes

Gielen

Bleichrodt

et al. 2010

Microgravity Sci. Technol.

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Simulation of weightlessness is a desired replenishment for research in microgravity since access to space flights is limited. In real microgravity conditions, the human epidermoid cell line A431 exhibits specific changes in the actin cytoskeleton resulting ultimately in the rounding-up of cells. This rounding of A431 cells was studied in detail during exposure to Random Positioning Machine (RPM) rotation and magnetic levitation. Random rotation and magnetic levitation induced similar changes in the actin morphology of A431 cells that were also described in real microgravity. A transient process of cell rounding and renewed spreading was observed in time, illustrated by a changing actin cytoskeleton and variation in the presence of focal adhesions. However, side effects of both methods easily can lead to false linking of cellular responses to simulated microgravity. Therefore further characterization of both methods is required.

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“…Recently, LDH-A gene was reported to be up-regulated in human renal cortical cells exposed to gravity-changing stress in space flight (Hammond et al, 1999). LDH-A mRNA expression levels increased about 2.5-fold in the cells cultured for 6 days on the space flight compared to the cells cultured for the same period on the ground.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact, increases in the expression levels of c-fos and c-jun genes in lymphocytes treated with EGF and TPA were found to be suppressed on exposure of the cells to microgravity in a sounding rocket (de Groot et al, 1990). Furthermore, results of a genetic analysis using microarray technology showed that expression levels of a number of genes were altered to various extents in human renal cortical cells exposed to gravity-changing stress during space flight (Hammond et al, 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhanced Expression of The LDH-A Gene after Gravity-changing Stress in Human RSa Cells.

et al. 2002

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A major issue in radiation and space biology is whether gene expression levels are altered in cells exposed to gravity-changing stress. In the present study, genes up-or down-regulated in radiation-sensitive human RSa cells cultured under gravity-changing conditions, were identified using a PCR-based mRNA differential display method. Exposure of cells to gravity-changing stress was performed by free-fall with a drop-shaft facility or by an airplane-conducted parabolic flight. Among the candidates for gravity-changing stress-responsive genes obtained by the differential display analysis, the lactate dehydrogenase A gene (LDH-A) was confirmed by Northern blotting analysis to exhibit increased expression levels. The gravity-changing stress consisted of a combination of microgravity and hypergravity. However, exposure of the cells to hypergravity produced by centrifuge only slightly affected the LDH-A mRNA expression. Thus, LDH-A was found to be a candidate for the genes which play a role in the cellular response to gravity-changing stress, and mainly to microgravity.

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Gene expression in space

Cited by 136 publications

References 0 publications

Modeled gravitational unloading triggers differentiation and apoptosis in preosteoclastic cells

Modeled gravitational unloading triggers differentiation and apoptosis in preosteoclastic cells

Simulation of Microgravity by Magnetic Levitation and Random Positioning: Effect on Human A431 Cell Morphology

Enhanced Expression of The LDH-A Gene after Gravity-changing Stress in Human RSa Cells.

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