Gender-Related Association Between Uric Acid, Homocysteine, γ-Glutamyltransferase, Inflammatory Biomarkers and Metabolic Syndrome in Subjects Affected by Obesity

Abstract

UA and γ-glutamyltransferase positively relate to MetS in both genders, although inflammatory abnormalities are closer related to UA and MetS in females. These differences in gender physiology may account for epidemiologic gender disparities and help to develop gender-targeted clinical strategies.

Low concordance between HbA1c and OGTT to diagnose prediabetes and diabetes in overweight or obesity

“…16 UA is a potent antioxidant, although at higher levels may acquire pro-oxidant activity and an adverse role as cardiometabolic risk factor. 13,17 In the present study, UA highest levels were found in subjects with positivity for both tests, and intermediate in those with one test positive, respect to patients with negativity for both tests, possibly reflecting a progressively increased cardiometabolic risk. 18 In our population, concordance between OGTT and HbA1c test to diagnose pre-T2D and T2D was similar in the two genders.…”

“…Moreover, increased oxidative stress promotes the autoxidation of glucose to dicarbonyl intermediates in an early step of the Maillard reaction, through which takes place the haemoglobin glycation . UA is a potent antioxidant, although at higher levels may acquire pro‐oxidant activity and an adverse role as cardiometabolic risk factor . In the present study, UA highest levels were found in subjects with positivity for both tests, and intermediate in those with one test positive, respect to patients with negativity for both tests, possibly reflecting a progressively increased cardiometabolic risk …”

“…It could therefore exist in the group with normal OGTT, a subgroup at higher risk that the HbA1c test could help to identify. In fact, HbA1c levels could be influenced not only by blood glucose levels, but also by many other factors, including very important determinants as oxidative stress and inflammation, which increase in subjects with obesity . In particular, oxidative stress status may influence HbA1c level promoting insulin resistance at adipose and skeletal muscle tissue levels, and inducing hyperglycaemia, which in turn increases oxidative stress .…”

“…In fact, HbA1c levels could be influenced not only by blood glucose levels, but also by many other factors, including very important determinants as oxidative stress and inflammation, which increase in subjects with obesity. 13 In particular, oxidative stress status may influence HbA1c level promoting insulin resistance at adipose and skeletal muscle tissue levels, and inducing hyperglycaemia, which in turn increases oxidative stress. 14,15 Moreover, increased oxidative stress promotes the autoxidation of glucose to dicarbonyl intermediates in an early step of the Maillard reaction, through which takes place the haemoglobin glycation.…”

Relationship between Inflammatory Parameters and Cardiovascular and Lifestyle Factors in the Mugello Study Oldest Old

“…The relationship between aging and GGT that we observed in the Mugello cohort has been previously described in both genders of younger age, whereas males presented higher GGT levels than females [37,38]. Interestingly, GGT is emerging as a new strong and independent MetS determinant in middle age subjects [39,40]. However, our data did not support the association between GGT and MetS, thus GGT could not be an effective marker to identify this condition in nonagenarians.…”