Gender influence on the salivary protein profile of finishing pigs

Gutiérrez, Ana María; Montes, Ana; Gutiérrez-Panizo, C.; Fuentes, Pablo; Cruz‐Sánchez, Ernesto De la

doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.11.023

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…We observed a high level of all the studied markers (ADAt, ADA1, ADA2, CRP, Hp, and TAC) at the end of the production cycle in females in comparison to their male conventional Large White × Duroc counterparts. Our results are in concordance with the literature in which higher levels of immune markers have been reported in saliva (42) and serum (44) samples of female in comparison to age-matched male pigs. In humans, for instance, females produce more vigorous cellular and more vigorous humoral immune reactions, are more resistant to certain infections and suffer a higher incidence of autoimmune diseases (45).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…In fact, higher circulating levels of APP were observed in females at both 18 weeks and 24 weeks in comparison to males while females only had higher levels of haptoglobin at 18 weeks (33). Similarly, we recently found differences in the levels of proteins related to the immune system such as lipocalins or odorant binding proteins and also in the levels of APP, particularly CRP and Hp in adult pigs (42), with higher values observed in females in comparison to males. Sexual maturity is attained by both the male and female pig at about 5–6 months of age (43), implying the time around the growing phase of the production cycle corresponding to a period between the fattening and finishing stage in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

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Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples

Sánchez¹,

García

Ruiz

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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In this study, the influence of several factors such as breed, sex, and production stage over the normal range values of salivary biomarkers of health status was evaluated in pigs. A total of 409 pigs of 2 different breeds (conventional Large White × Duroc and Iberian pigs) were included in the study. Animals were divided into different groups according to their sex (male or female) and the stage of the production cycle they were in (post-weaning, nursery, fattening, and finishing). The levels of an inflammatory marker, adenosine deaminase (ADA), and two acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoglobin (Hp) were measured in saliva samples. Moreover, the total antioxidant capacity level (TAC) was quantified for the first time in porcine saliva; therefore, an analytical validation and stability analysis during storage at −80°C were also performed. Differences according to breed were observed for all the markers studied; thus, the influence of age and sex on the normal range values were studied separately for conventional and Iberian pigs. In Large White × Duroc pigs the overall median values of ADA, CRP, Hp and TAC were 282 U/L, 10.49 ng/mL, 0.88 μg/mL, and 21.73 μM Trolox equivalents, respectively. However, higher values of inflammatory marker and acute phase proteins were observed in males at the initial stages of the production cycle, while females presented higher values when they had reached sexual maturity. In Iberian pigs the overall median values observed were 585 U/L, 4.81 ng/mL, 0.63 μg/mL, and 21.21 μM Trolox equivalents for ADA, CRP, Hp, and TAC respectively with slight differences in the influence of the studied factors. Sex differences were not observed in the levels of acute phase proteins in Iberian pigs, probably due to the castration of males during the first days of life; however, ADA levels were found to be higher in male pigs at the end of the production cycle. It could be concluded that breed, sex, and production stage influence the range values of salivary markers of health status in pigs and should be taken into account to further establish reference intervals.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 64%

Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples

Sánchez¹,

García

Ruiz

et al. 2019

Front. Vet. Sci.

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“…The concentrations of Hp and CRP detected in clinically healthy animals were in agreement with previous studies. The median values observed in the present control animals regarding Hp determinations were the same as those reported for male finishing [24] and fattening pigs [25]. Similarly, CRP median values observed in clinically healthy animals were consistent with previous range values reported for male pigs [26].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study

Sánchez¹,

Montilla²,

Gutiérrez-Panizo³

et al. 2020

BMC Vet Res

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Background: This study is focused on the measurement of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in the saliva of pigs in order to study their levels on different porcine pathological conditions in the field. The experiment involved 15 pigs without clinical signs of disease and 42 diseased pigs (suffering from lameness, rectal prolapse, fatigue or growth rate retardation). Individual saliva samples were collected, allowing the pigs to chew a sponge each for trace element quantifications through atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS). Since this is the first report on the measurements of trace elements in porcine saliva, a routine analytical validation study was performed for the quantification of all the studied elements. Moreover, the acute phase proteins C-reactive protein (CRP) and haptoblobin (Hp), the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and adenosine deaminase (ADA) were quantified in the saliva samples for the animal's health status assessment. Results: Modifications in the levels of acute phase proteins or ADA were only recorded in animals with lameness and rectal prolapse and those with fatigue respectively. Moreover, TAC level changes were observed in pigs with growth-rate retardation. However, alterations in the levels of two or more trace elements were reported for all the different groups of diseased pigs with evident variations within pathologies. Conclusions:The salivary quantification of trace elements could be considered as a complementary tool to acute phase proteins, TAC and ADA determinations for disease detection and differentiation in the pig and should be explored in greater depth.

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“…To perform the protein profile comparison between control pigs and pigs with GRR, 2DE was used as previously described [16]. Briefly, 30 μg of saliva proteins in rehydration buffer were rehydrated into immobilized pH gradient (IPG) strips with 11 cm long nonlinear gradients pH 3–11 (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Munich, Germany) and subjected to isoelectric focusing in a Multiphor II electrophoresis chamber (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Munich, Germany).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Understanding Non-Infectious Growth-Rate Retardation in Growing Pigs

et al. 2019

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For growth-rate retardation in commercial growing pigs suffering from non-infectious diseases, no biomarker is available for early detection and prevention of the condition or for the diagnosis of affected animals. The point in question is that the underlying pathological pathway of the condition is still unknown and multiple nutritional or management issues could be the cause of the disease. Common health status markers such as acute phase proteins, adenosine deaminase activity or total antioxidant capacity did not show any alteration in the saliva of animals with growth-rate retardation, so other pathways should be affected. The present study investigates saliva samples from animals with the same commercial crossbreed, sex and age, comparing control pigs and pigs with growth-rate retardation. A proteomics approach based on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis including mass spectrometry together with validation experiments was applied for the search of proteins that could help understand disease mechanisms and be used for early disease detection. Two proteins were detected as possible markers of growth-rate retardation, specifically S100A12 and carbonic anhydrase VI. A decrease in innate immune response was confirmed in pigs with growth-rate retardation, however further studies should be necessary to understand the role of the different CA VI proteoforms observed.

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Gender influence on the salivary protein profile of finishing pigs

Cited by 16 publications

References 29 publications

Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples

Porcine Breed, Sex, and Production Stage Influence the Levels of Health Status Biomarkers in Saliva Samples

Analytical characterization of trace elements (zinc, copper, cadmium, lead and selenium) in saliva of pigs under common pathological conditions in the field: a pilot study

Towards Understanding Non-Infectious Growth-Rate Retardation in Growing Pigs

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