Gender inequality in an “Equal” environment

Abstract

Lithuania, as a part of the former Soviet Union, has a long‐standing history of perceived equality for women in the workplace. Women played an equal role in economic production as it was a constitutional expectation that all citizens had both a right and an obligation to work. Consequently, at the time of independence in 1990 the levels of participation of women in the workplace including at managerial and professional levels were much higher than other western European countries. In architecture, women achieved parity in terms of numbers, but this equality did not transfer into all aspects of economic activity. Drawing on qualitative survey and interview data from 31 Lithuanian women architects, our findings show, despite the historical emphasis on equality, the existence of a “critical mass” of women in the profession and the adoption of EU gender equality policy, the position of women remains poor with clear evidence of sex discrimination, harassment, and lack of opportunities for career advancement.

Changing informal institutions via mimesis: Gender equality in marriage proposals

“…This partially contradicts the observation that the presence alone of a critical mass of subjects challenging gendering norms does not imply a shift toward gender equality (Caven et al., 2021). Yet, we acknowledge that it is not that easy for most individuals living within a patriarchal society.…”

“…We extend this attention to the collective beyond a market-driven perspective, as we frame mimetic isomorphism as distributed power that acknowledges the capacity of actors within informal institutions to step into new directions and carve out a trend for others to follow. This partially contradicts the observation that the presence alone of a critical mass of subjects challenging gendering norms does not imply a shift toward gender equality (Caven et al, 2021). Yet, we acknowledge that it is not that easy for most individuals living within a patriarchal society.…”

Indonesian Women’s Civil Service Leadership: Analysis of Career Progression Opportunity and Constraint

“…A balanced composition may boost institutional efforts toward equality, diversity, and social inclusion, and help to dismantle barriers operating at all societal levels (Diehl & Dzubinski, 2016). However, in a recent study of women’s leadership, Caven et al (2022) argued that an equal proportion of women does not guarantee that gender equality in society will be or has been established.…”

Heroísmo Silenciado: Mujeres en la Academia

“…Si bien el sector laboral ha implementado diversas medidas para fomentar la participación de las mujeres, aún se proyectan como espacios donde predomina la participación masculina, en especial aquellas disciplinas que abordan temáticas de matemáticas, ciencias y tecnologías (Caven et al, 2022). Thiranagama (2021) establece que, independiente del aumento significativo en la participación de las mujeres durante las últimas décadas, al mirar la proporción de mujeres en puestos de trabajo gerenciales de alto cargo, al igual que los puestos de investigadores primarios, esta continúa siendo inferior a lo esperado, en comparación a los hombres.…”

“…Por ejemplo, en la disciplina "Historia", las revistas académicas se estructuraban en investigaciones escritas predominantemente por hombres, hasta aproximadamente las décadas de 1970 y 1980 (Cabrera & Errázuriz, 2015). A pesar de que este panorama ha cambiado progresivamente, y por medio de estudios proyectivos se postula que el número de autoras femeninas en esta disciplina aumentará con el paso del tiempo, se reconoce que esta tendencia se continuará viendo restringida por las diversas barreras estructurales, organizacionales y sociales que obstaculizan y limitan su participación en este ámbito (Caven et al, 2022;Savigny, 2014;Yousaf & Schmeide, 2017). Es reconocido que las mujeres tienen las mismas capacidades para desempeñarse en aquellas labores tradicionalmente ejecutadas por los hombres.…”