Gender Equity and Health: Evaluating the Impact of Millennium Development Goal Three on Women's Health in South Asia

Shannon, Geordan; Im, Dana D.; Katzelnick, Leah C.; Franco, Oscar H.

doi:10.1080/03630242.2013.767300

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Findings from the literature review on the linkage between health outcomes and gender equity Our review of dimensions of gender equity identified five relevant articles [15,33,34,37,38] on gender equity indices. The gender development index (GDI) of the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) includes: life expectancy, literacy rate, school enrollment, and economic activity [15,37].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Gender Gap Index (GGI) includes: economic development, education, health, survival, and political participation [37]. The Gender Parity Index (GPI) includes: education, economic activity, and parliamentary representation [33]. The UN GII includes: reproductive health (i.e., maternal mortality and adolescent fertility), empowerment (i.e., parliamentary representation and secondary education attainment) and labor force participation [37,38].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on evidence from the literature, we developed a conceptual pathway by which HPV vaccination can improve healthy life expectancy in women, which can in turn improve their labor force participation and decrease fertility, and hence narrow a key source of gender disparities in many countries [27]. Labor force participation and maternal mortality were selected as criteria for reducing gender disparities given their inclusion in multiple gender equity measures and linkage to improved female health [15,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35]. We were unable to quantify the effect of improved healthy life expectancy on maternal mortality directly, but instead assumed that decreased fertility led to an associated decrease in maternal mortality.…”

Section: Modeling the Impact Of Hpv Vaccination On Gender Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of vaccination on gender equity: conceptual framework and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine case study

Portnoy

Clark

Ozawa

et al. 2020

Int J Equity Health

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Background: Although the beneficial effects of vaccines on equity by socioeconomic status and geography are increasingly well-documented, little has been done to extend these analyses to examine the linkage between vaccination and gender equity. In this paper, evidence from the published literature is used to develop a conceptual framework demonstrating the potential impact of vaccination on measures of gender equity. This framework is then applied to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination in three countries with different economic and disease burden profiles to establish a proof of concept in a variety of contexts. Methods: We conducted a literature review examining evidence on the linkage between health outcomes and dimensions of gender equity. We utilized the Papillomavirus Rapid Interface for Modelling and Economics (PRIME) model to estimate cervical cancer incidence and deaths due to HPV types 16/18 by age in each country. We estimated labor force participation and fertility effects from improvements in health, and converted these into inputs consistent with those used to calculate the United Nations Gender Inequality Index to assess gender equity. Results: In our case study, we found that HPV vaccination among girls could help narrow socioeconomic gender disparities by quantifying the main pathways by which HPV vaccination improves health, which enables improvement in gender equity indicators such as labor force participation and maternal mortality ratios. While these improvements are small when averaged over the entire population, the components measuredlabor force participation and maternal mortality ratioaccount for 50% of the index scores. Conclusions: This proof of concept model is a starting point to inform future health and economic analyses that might incorporate the impact of gender equity as an additional impact of vaccination in improving the health and well-being of the population.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Modeling the Impact Of Hpv Vaccination On Gender Equitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The impact of vaccination on gender equity: conceptual framework and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine case study

Portnoy

Clark

Ozawa

et al. 2020

Int J Equity Health

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“…Infrastructure development would contribute to the improved access to healthcare facilities and schools, increased investment, eliminated inequities, and decrease gender inequities (16)(17)(18).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Health Infrastructure Development in Rural and Urban Areas of Iran Between 1976 and 2011

2018

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Background: Before the revolution, the gap between rural and urban areas of Iran was enormous and the socio-economic condition in rural areas was substantially different from the condition of their urban counterparts. Over the past 35 years, the Islamic Republic of Iran has made a considerable investment in infrastructures to reduce inequalities between rural and urban areas. Therefore, we evaluated the regional status of health infrastructure development between 1976 and 2011 in rural and urban areas. Methods: We selected piped water, electricity, piped gas, bathrooms, and health houses as the investigated variables. We used the national population and housing data in Iran obtained in 1976Iran obtained in , 1986Iran obtained in , 1996Iran obtained in , 2006Iran obtained in , and 2011, as well as the health house census data. We constructed variables for consistent geographic areas in STATA software. The share of the variables was calculated at the county level and the mean and standard deviation was calculated at the provincial level. Results:The gap between rural and urban areas and between different regions of the country was great in access to piped water and electricity in 1976 before the Islamic revolution. In addition, the speed of health houses construction was very slow and households of urban and rural areas did not have piped gas, at all. Between the 1986 and 1996 census, infrastructure variables, except piped gas, experienced a good improvement, especially in rural areas. After the war, the ascending trend continued with a higher speed so that the gap between rural and urban areas decreased sharply. Conclusions: Although involved in a war with Iraq between 1980 and 1988, Iran had a great development in infrastructure variables. In that period, simultaneously several voluntary organizations began their activities in the rural areas; therefore, the sharp progress could be a result of these activities. Although the gap between rural and urban areas has decreased over time, inequity between provinces still is high and this issue calls for more attention.

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“…Shannon et al measured the relationship between women’s health and average education, waged employment, and government participation in order to evaluate progress toward Millennium Development Goal Three in Southeast Asia. 5 Such indicators only provide snapshots into the realities of females’ lives. In order to capture the socio-cultural processes and structures that shape women’s lives, a more contextual understanding should be sought.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Literary Analysis of Global Female Identity, Health, and Equity

Hagan

Cohen

2014

Advances in Nursing Science

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Gender Equity and Health: Evaluating the Impact of Millennium Development Goal Three on Women's Health in South Asia

Cited by 6 publications

References 6 publications

The impact of vaccination on gender equity: conceptual framework and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine case study

The impact of vaccination on gender equity: conceptual framework and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine case study

Health Infrastructure Development in Rural and Urban Areas of Iran Between 1976 and 2011

A Literary Analysis of Global Female Identity, Health, and Equity

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