Gender Differences in Neurological Disease: Role of Estrogens and Cytokines

Członkowska, Anna; Ciesielska, Agnieszka; Gromadzka, Grażyna; Kurkowska‐Jastrzębska, Iwona

doi:10.1385/endo:29:2:243

Cited by 104 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 173 publications

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“…Our study revealed that the frequency of stroke in children is also more common in males than females (53.3% versus 46.7%). The same trend has been clarified in other worldwide childhood stroke studies (10), inspite of absence of estrogen predominance before puberty (11). Severity of stroke in most of our children (91.7%) measured by pediatric NIHSS was mild and mild to moderate with lateralization as the most common presenting complaint in (73.3%) of patients.…”

Section: Results:-supporting

confidence: 86%

Acute Stroke in Children: An Overview.

Rashedy¹,

Khateeb²,

Bdeir³

et al. 2017

IJAR

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Section: Results:-supporting

confidence: 86%

Acute Stroke in Children: An Overview.

Rashedy¹,

Khateeb²,

Bdeir³

et al. 2017

IJAR

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“…Additionally, estrogen has been shown to regulate GSK-3 activity in the hippocampus (58). This sex hormone-dependent regulation of GSK-3 signalling might explain why there are gender differences in regards to AD and why estrogen could be neuroprotective (59). This issue has not been addressed yet, even though it is clear that there are substantial sex differences in the mechanisms underlying memory formation (60)(61)(62).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

GSK‐3: A key player in neurodegeneration and memory

Giese

2009

IUBMB Life

124

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Abnormalities in molecular signalling have been implicated in neurodegeneration. It is emerging that glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK‐3) is a key signalling molecule that induces neurodegeneration and deficits in memory formation related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Early stages of AD are associated with deficits in memory formation before neuronal cell death is detectable. Recent studies in rodents have suggested that these impairments in memory formation might result from increased GSK‐3 signalling, because enhanced GSK‐3 activity impairs hippocampal memory formation. GSK‐3 activity blocks synaptic long‐term potentiation and induces long‐term depression. Furthermore, increased GSK‐3 signalling is likely to be a key contributor to the formation of the pathological hallmarks in AD, neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) and amyloid plaques. Recent studies with mouse models have indicated that GSK‐3, but not cyclin‐dependent kinase 5, is critical for hyperphosphorylation of the cytoskeletal protein tau, which is the prerequisite for NFT formation in AD. Furthermore, increased GSK‐3 signalling in AD mice causes abnormal processing of the amyloid precursor protein so that amyloid peptide production augments and neurotoxicity is induced. Taken together, the current evidences suggest that increased GSK‐3 signalling may be responsible for the deficits in memory formation in early stages of AD and neurodegeneration in later stages of the disease. © 2009 IUBMB IUBMB Life 61(5): 516–521, 2009

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“…The overall male predominance in adult stroke has been attributed to neuroprotective effects of estrogen. 22 It is possible that endocrine factors play a role in pediatric stroke. However, we found no difference in the gender ratio between preadolescent compared with adolescent children, making it more difficult to ascribe this gender difference to sex hormones.…”

Section: Golomb Et Al Male Predominance In Childhood Ischemic Strokementioning

confidence: 99%

Male Predominance in Childhood Ischemic Stroke

Golomb

Fullerton

Nowak‐Göttl

et al. 2009

Stroke

280

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Background and Purpose-Previous studies suggested a male predominance in childhood ischemic stroke, mirroring gender differences in adults but were limited by small sample sizes or unconfirmed diagnoses. We sought to study gender within a large international series of confirmed cases of pediatric ischemic stroke. Methods-From January 2003 to July 2007, the International Pediatric Stroke Study enrolled children (0 up to 19 years) with arterial ischemic stroke or cerebral sinovenous thrombosis at 30 centers in 10 countries. Neonates were those Ͻ29 days of age. We calculated the "expected" gender ratio for our study as the weighted average of population-based childhood gender ratios in enrolling countries weighted by the number of subjects enrolled in each country. 2 tests were used to compare the observed gender ratios in our series with this expected ratio (51.7%). Results-Among 1187 children with confirmed ischemic stroke, 710 were boys (60%, PϽ0.0001). Male predominance persisted after stratification by age (61% for neonates, Pϭ0.011; 59% for later childhood, Pϭ0.002) and stroke subtype (58% for arterial ischemic stroke, Pϭ0.004; 65% for cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, Pϭ0.002). The greatest proportion of males occurred among children with arterial ischemic stroke and a history of trauma (75%, Pϭ0.008), although boys were also overrepresented among those with arterial ischemic stroke and no trauma (57%; Pϭ0.07). There were no gender differences in case fatality or deficits at discharge. Conclusions-Childhood ischemic stroke appears to be more common in boys regardless of age, stroke subtype, or history of trauma. Further exploration of this gender difference could shed light on stroke mechanisms in both children and adults. (Stroke. 2009;40:52-57.)

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Gender Differences in Neurological Disease: Role of Estrogens and Cytokines

Cited by 104 publications

References 173 publications

Acute Stroke in Children: An Overview.

Acute Stroke in Children: An Overview.

GSK‐3: A key player in neurodegeneration and memory

Male Predominance in Childhood Ischemic Stroke

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