Gender differences in autonomic cardiovascular regulation: spectral, hormonal, and hemodynamic indexes

Evans, Joyce M.; Ziegler, Michael G.; Patwardhan, Abhijit; Ott, Julien; Kim, Charles S; Leonelli, Fabio M.; Knapp, Charles F.

doi:10.1152/jappl.2001.91.6.2611

Cited by 209 publications

(161 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Regarding the gender differences in untrained rats, our results showed reduced sympathetic tonus and improved baroreflex sensitivity in female rats compared to previous studies on male rats (7,23,32), corroborating human data that showed sympathetic predominance in men compared to women (14,15,33). In fact, Chen and DiCarlo (16) demonstrated that female rats had a higher maximum baroreflex gain (40%) than male rats, and daily spontaneous running attenuated the arterial baroreflex regulation of HR in both sexes.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

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Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Sanches

Sartori

Jorge

et al. 2009

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The effects of exercise training on cardiovascular and autonomic functions were investigated in female rats. After an aerobic exercise training period (treadmill: 5 days/week for 8 weeks), conscious female Wistar (2 to 3 months) sedentary (S, N = 7) or trained rats (T, N = 7) were cannulated for direct arterial pressure (AP) recording in the non-ovulatory phases. Vagal (VT) and sympathetic tonus (ST) were evaluated by vagal (atropine) and sympathetic (propranolol) blockade. Baroreflex sensitivity was evaluated by the heart rate responses induced by AP changes. Cardiopulmonary reflex was measured by the bradycardic and hypotensive responses to serotonin. Resting bradycardia was observed in T (332 ± 7 bpm) compared with S animals (357 ± 10 bpm), whereas AP did not differ between groups. T animals exhibited depressed VT and ST (32 ± 7 and 15 ± 4 bpm) compared to S animals (55 ± 5 and 39 ± 10 bpm). The baroreflex and cardiopulmonary bradycardic responses were lower in T (-1.01 ± 0.27 bpm/mmHg and -17 ± 6 bpm) than in the S group (-1.47 ± 0.3 bpm/mmHg and -41 ± 9 bpm). Significant correlations were observed between VT and baroreflex (r = -0.72) and cardiopulmonary (r = -0.76) bradycardic responses. These data show that exercise training in healthy female rats induced resting bradycardia that was probably due to a reduced cardiac ST. Additionally, trained female rats presented attenuated bradycardic responses to baro- and cardiopulmonary receptor stimulation that were associated, at least in part, with exercise training-induced cardiac vagal reduction

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Regarding HR regulation in the resting condition, men, in contrast to women of the same age, seem to have a predominant sympathetic tone (14,15). Furthermore, studies have demonstrated a lower cardiac sympathetic modulation by spectral analysis in healthy women compared to men (15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Sanches

Sartori

Jorge

et al. 2009

Braz J Med Biol Res

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“…There are several possibilities to explain these differences in fructose-induced autonomic alterations to the heart or to the vessels: the form that fructose was provided (chow or water), the autonomic function method of evaluation, the species, and gender differences. Regarding gender differences, the higher vagal component, previously reported in females compared to males (16), is one possibility that can explain why the autonomic dysfunction began through the parasympathetic system in females. Furthermore, in the present study, the sympathetic tonus was unchanged and the vagal tonus was reduced, the autonomic balance (sympathetic/parasympathetic) was changed, leading to a sympathetic predominance, as previously reported for male fructose models (5).…”

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confidence: 90%

Parasympathetic dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance in fructose-fed female rats

Brito

Ponciano

Figueroa

et al. 2008

Braz J Med Biol Res

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The objective of the present study was to identify metabolic, cardiovascular and autonomic changes induced by fructose overload administered in the drinking water of rats for 8 weeks. Female Wistar rats (200-220 g) were divided into 2 groups: control (N = 8) and fructose-fed rats (N = 5; 100 mg/L fructose in drinking water for 8 weeks). The autonomic control of heart rate was evaluated by pharmacological blockade using atropine (3 mg/kg) and propranolol (4 mg/kg). The animals were submitted to an intravenous insulin tolerance test (ITT) and to blood glucose measurement. The fructose overload induced a significant increase in body weight (~10%) and in fasting glycemia (~28%). The rate constant of glucose disappearance (KITT) during ITT was lower in fructose-fed rats (3.25 ± 0.7%/min) compared with controls (4.95 ± 0.3%/min, P < 0.05) indicating insulin resistance. The fructose-fed group presented increased arterial pressure compared to controls (122 ± 3 vs 108 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05) and a reduction in vagal tonus (31 ± 9 vs 55 ± 5 bpm in controls, P < 0.05). No changes in sympathetic tonus were observed. A positive correlation, tested by the Pearson correlation, was demonstrable between cardiac vagal tonus and KITT (r = 0.8, P = 0.02). These data provided new information regarding the role of parasympathetic dysfunction associated with insulin resistance in the development of early metabolic and cardiovascular alterations induced by a high fructose diet.

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“…Persons over age 40 were studied because older persons have a greater prevalence of salt-sensitivity (Weinberger & Fineberg, 1991). Women only were studied due to gender differences in resting autonomic activity (Evans, Ziegler, & Patwardham, 2001). In the present study, each subject was maintained on a low sodium diet for six days followed by a high sodium diet for six days with 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring after each diet period.…”

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confidence: 99%

Dietary sodium effects on heart rate variability in salt sensitivity of blood pressure

2008

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High dietary sodium intake is a risk factor for hypertension, and heart rate variability (HRV) is decreased in hypertension. Effects of dietary sodium intake on HRV of normotensive persons have not, however, been investigated to date. The present study examined effects of low and high sodium diets on blood pressure, heart rate, and HRV in 36 healthy, normotensive women, ages 40-70. Each was placed on a low sodium diet for six days followed by a high sodium diet for six days. High salt diet increased mean systolic blood pressure, decreased heart rate, and increased high frequency HRV (HF). Cardiac vagal tone, estimated at baseline from heart period and a time domain estimate of respiratory sinus arrhythmia, was higher in salt-sensitive than salt-insensitive subjects. The finding of increased vagal tone in normotensive persons on high salt intake indicates that dietary sodium status should be considered in behavioral studies of HRV. Index termsblood pressure; heart rate variability; sodium Behavioral interactions can influence the development of cardiovascular disease via effects on autonomic regulation of the heart. Heart rate variability (HRV) is a noninvasive window into autonomic control of cardiac function, and can be analyzed via time and frequency domain measures (Task Force of the European Society, 1996). Power spectral density methodology (Kay & Marple, 1981) identifies periodic components of HRV and estimates their frequency and power. The frequency domain includes a low frequency component (LF), which reflects a combination of sympathetic and parasympathetic influences, and a high frequency component (HF), which reflects parasympathetic influence (Berntson, Cacioppo & Quigley 1993). An estimate of sympathovagal balance is derived from the ratio of low frequency to high frequency power (LF/HF).Some forms of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension are characterized by decreased HRV (Mortara, et al., 1994;Piccirillo, et al. 1996;Stein & Kleiger, 1999;Virtanen, Jula, Kuusela, Helenius & Voipio-Pulkki, 2003;Lucini, De Vede, Parati & Pagani, 2005). Job strain and low decision latitude have also been associated with decreased HF (e.g. Gallo, Bogart, Vranceanu & Wait, 2004;Collins, Karasek & Costas, 2005).Several studies have shown that behavioral procedures that increase blood pressure and heart rate acutely also alter HRV consistent with decreases in parasympathetic activity (Madden & Savard, 1995;Reims et al, 2005;Guasti et al, 2005). In addition, decreases in HF of (Falkner & Kushner, 1990) found that mental stress generated larger increases in blood pressure and heart rate in SS than SI subjects. These studies also showed that salt-sensitivity was associated with greater anxiety and irritability (Deter, et al., 2006) and reduced vagal activity in response to mental stress (Buchholz et al 2003). The potential importance of the environment in cardiovascular response to salt-sensitivity was investigated in a study with salt-loaded medical students, who showed larger increases in resting blood ...

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Gender differences in autonomic cardiovascular regulation: spectral, hormonal, and hemodynamic indexes

Cited by 209 publications

References 29 publications

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Tonic and reflex cardiovascular autonomic control in trained-female rats

Parasympathetic dysfunction is associated with insulin resistance in fructose-fed female rats

Dietary sodium effects on heart rate variability in salt sensitivity of blood pressure

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