Gender-Associated Oral and Periodontal Health Based on Retrospective Panoramic Radiographic Analysis of Alveolar Bone Loss

Abstract

Gender-based heterogeneity in periodontal disease has been witnessed in the recent past with huge mounting evidence. The composite effect of sex-based genetic structure and the sex steroid hormones runs in line with the corresponding genderrelated differences in risk for chronic periodontitis. Since estrogens, the predominant sex hormones in women, show immune protective and anti-inflammatory effects in hormonally active premenopausal women, they show better periodontal status compared to age-matched men. Conversely, after menopause with a weakening estrogen signal, women may show an equal or even more serious periodontal status compared to men. Periodontal status of postmenopausal women may be improved by menopausal hormone therapy. Alveolar bone loss, an irreversible sign of past periodontal disease activity can be easily observed on radiographs in an objective manner. Orthopantomographs provide a fairly accurate assessment of the status of alveolar bone in the whole mouth. A cross-sectional retrospective panoramic radiographic analysis has been carried out in a north Indian dental institute to decipher the gender-based distribution of periodontal bone loss. The current chapter shall provide an update on gender-based differences in oral health, underlying mechanisms, differences in patterns and distribution of alveolar bone loss (case study), and potential gender-specific disease protection and management strategies.

Risk Factors Associated with Periodontal Diseases among Yemeni Adult Patients

“…In the current study, similar to previous publications 45,46 , males demonstrated a greater risk of developing worse periodontal conditions compared with females. Sanadi et al 47 assessed the oral hygiene of 209 dental students and found gender differences, reflecting a greater incidence of gingival disease in males than in females.…”

Association of elevated IL-6 with poor glycemic control in periodontitis patients

“…28 In terms of sex-related differences in the prevalence of periodontitis and diabetes, the current study's data show that men had higher rates of both conditions than women did, which is consistent with findings from studies by Anna Nordström et al on the prevalence of diabetes and Ashish Jain et al on sex-related differences in the prevalence of periodontitis. 42,43 This study's findings on PI, CPITN, and OHI scores were in agreement with a study by Roberto Del Giudice et al 44 on their favourable correlation with IL-6 levels. By comparing the levels of IL-6 in GCF between diabetic subjects and non-diabetic (healthy subjects) without periodontitis as well as between the levels of IL-6 in GCF before and after periodontal management, more research is needed to understand the function and potential mechanism of IL-6 in the pathogenesis of diabetes and periodontitis.…”