Gender and Varieties of White‐collar Crime*

Daly, Kathleen

doi:10.1111/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01054.x

Cited by 258 publications

(183 citation statements)

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“…We do know that there are some specific bad environmental conditions which correlate with white collar criminality on the individual level. Those are a higher divorce rate than among street criminals and the general population (Alalehto & Larsson, 2008;Klenowski, Copes, & Mullins, 2010;Walters & Geyer, 2004;Weisburd, 1991), especially among female white collar offenders (Daly, 1989;Haantz, 2002;Shechory, Perry, & Addad, 2011;Zukowski, 2015). And suffering from at least one emotional, marital, or substance abuse problem over the course of their lives (Weisburd, 1991;Soothill et al, 2012;Zukowski, 2015).…”

Section: The Gene-environment Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of White Collar Criminality? – Exploring a Gene x Environment Interaction Hypothesis

Alalehto¹

2018

Int. J. Criminol. Sociol.

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Abstract:The aim for this article is the elementary question: why does white collar criminals become white collar criminals? The answer is a hypothetical syllogistic constructed hypothesis for further empirical exploration in the agenda. The hypothesis takes its point of departure in biosocial criminology, especially the gene-environment interplay, focused on white collar criminality. The hypothesis proposes a link between criminal attitudes and criminal behavior based on how biological (e.g. intergenerational heredity, MAO-A), neurological (e.g. executive functioning, cortical thickness) and social-psychological/sociological factors (e.g. peer-group, rationalizations, social stress, loss of class status) correlates to each other as a system of mechanisms.Keywords: White collar crime, biosocial criminology, mechanisms, formal logic.Human behavior is mediated by a set of biological factors (basically genetics) and a set of environmental factors (basically social relations). On an aggregated scale the two sets explains around 50 per cent each of criminal behavior (Tuvblad, 2014). These two sets are integrated into a complex set of interactions in the central nervous system (brain), the peripheral nervous system (control of movements and autonomic internal functions), and the endocrine system (organs responsible for hormone secretion). These complex set of interactions has continuously over the past decades been acknowledged among criminologists as a point of departure to understand the nature of crime. A topic which concern especially the explanation of interpersonal variation of criminal behavior in a random population (Rebellon, Barnes & Agnew, 2014).In this article I follow up a track which I already have outlined (Alalehto, 2015), mainly focused on psychopathic and sociopathic white collar criminals. In this article I focus more on the average white collar criminal, known as crises responders (Piquero & Weisburd, 2009;Morris & Sayed, 2013), or low-rate or medium-rate white collar criminals (Soothill, Humphreys, & Francis, 2012) or conformists, pragmatists and partly intolerants (Alalehto & Larsson, 2015) involving approximately 60 to 80 per cent of the white collar criminal population. The purpose is to give a theoretical explanation of why white collar criminals become white collar criminals? The answer will be given in a main hypothesis directed to be testable for empirical research.*Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Sociology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Tel: 46907865430; Fax: 46907866694; E-mail: tage.alalehto@umu.seWhat is the origin of the white collar criminal? A standard explanation among sociologist, given already by Edwin Sutherland (1940) is the position of power. Even among biosocial inspired criminologist this is a given structure of explanation. For example, Wiebe (2012), points out a classic Machiavellian thesis in his competitive advantage model: if you are powerful enough then you can get away with anything. It's based on the assumption that a certain kind of sociop...

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Section: The Gene-environment Associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Origin of White Collar Criminality? – Exploring a Gene x Environment Interaction Hypothesis

Alalehto¹

2018

Int. J. Criminol. Sociol.

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“…en col blanc (Daly, 1989). Le phénomène est encore accentué dans les cas où deux conjoints comparaissent pour fraude fiscale.…”

Section: L'empathie Des Juges à L'égard Des Délinquants Fiscaux Bien unclassified

La tolérance des juges à la fraude fiscale : un inconscient d’institution

Spire

Weidenfeld

2016

crimino

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Cette contribution vise à montrer que la régulation de la fraude fiscale par l’institution judiciaire traduit une tolérance, en partie inconsciente, des acteurs qui en sont chargés. Pour en analyser les mécanismes, on s’intéresse aux discours et aux pratiques des procureurs et des magistrats chargés d’assurer le suivi pénal des dossiers que leur transmet l’administration fiscale. Tous se disent convaincus de la nécessité de lutter contre cette forme de délinquance en col blanc, mais s’abstiennent d’utiliser tous les moyens dont ils disposent pour que la pénalisation de la fraude fiscale débouche sur des sanctions effectives. Il en découle une indulgence qui contraste avec la posture d’intransigeance adoptée par l’institution judiciaire dans d’autres domaines. Pour comprendre les ressorts de cette impunité fiscale, nous proposons une approche qui tient compte de la singularité de ce délit et du profil social de ceux qui le commettent, en considérant à la fois les contraintes institutionnelles qui s’imposent aux magistrats et les représentations qui les rendent acceptables.French criminal courts often deal leniently with tax fraud cases, but the individuals involved in handling such cases are not fully aware that this is the case. To analyze this collective institutional obliviousness, we look at the discourse and practice of prosecutors and judges working with tax fraud files passed on to them by the tax authorities. Although all these actors are convinced that the fight against this form of white-collar crime is necessary, they refrain from using all the means in their power to secure effective penalties. The result is an indulgent attitude that contrasts with the courts’ intransigence in other fields. In order to get a clearer view of the fiscal impunity that results, we propose an approach that takes into account the uniqueness of this crime and these criminals, keeping in mind the legal and symbolic constraints affecting judges.La presente contribución busca demostrar que la regulación del fraude fiscal realizada por la institución judicial refleja una tolerancia, en parte inconsciente, de los actores a cargo. Para analizar sus mecanismos, el interés se centra sobre el discurso y las prácticas de los procuradores y magistrados encargados de asegurar el seguimiento penal de los casos que la administración fiscal les confía. Estos actores dicen estar convencidos de la necesidad de luchar contra esta forma de delincuencia de cuello blanco, pero se abstienen de utilizar todos los medios disponibles para que la penalización del fraude fiscal se concrete en sanciones efectivas. Resulta de ello una indulgencia que contrasta con la postura de intransigencia adoptada por la institución judicial en otras áreas. Para entender los alcances de esta impunidad fiscal, proponemos un enfoque que tiene en cuenta la singularidad de este delito y el perfil social de aquellos que lo cometen, considerando a la vez las restricciones institucionales que se imponen a los magistrados y las representaciones que los vuelven aceptables

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“…In the past when divorce was not as acceptable as it is today, a frustrated and unhappy marriage could lead a potential offender into a state of depression, exhaustion, or indifference that could lead to the criminal behavior (Riemer, 1941). Female offenders have been shown to be more overrepresented by divorce and family caretaking (Daly, 1989;Haantz, 2002;Shechory, et al, 2011) than male offenders.…”

Section: Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of white collar criminals belong to the ethnic majority in the country (Alalehto & Larsson, 2008;Benson, 2002;Daly, 1989;Kardell & Bergqvist, 2009;Kerley & Copes, 2004;Klenowski, Copes, & Mullins, 2010;Poortinga et al, 2006;Walters & Geyer, 2004;Weisburd, 1991;Wheeler et al, 1988). However, ethnicity is a variable that shows some contextual variation at least between Sweden and the US where non-white white collar offenders are treated more harshly than white-collar offenders in the sentencing process (Benson & Walker, 1988).…”

Section: Demographymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even here there is a gendered division. Female offenders are mainly motivated by family reasons, and there is typically a non-financial pressure and a need-based justification that is often influenced by their close personal relationship with their male spouse or by occupying a strategic position within a company where they are manipulated by men (Daly, 1989;Steffensmeier et al, 2013).…”

Section: Motivationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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White Collar Criminals: The State of Knowledge

Alalehto¹

2015

TOCRIJ

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White collar crime is the least studied and the least understood crime type in comparison to traditional crime types. This review highlights the recent developments in the state of knowledge over the white collar criminals. The review concerns the topics of demography, motivation for offending and career criminality among white collar criminals. It compiles the international results (mainly West-European) so far in the three topics. The review ends with a request on further research that needs to be done in four aspects: what is the main demographic difference between white collar offenders and confirmative non-offenders? How can we explain the difference in the age-crime relationship between street criminals and white collar criminals? Why do we still have the gender divergences by white collar criminals, despite the fact that women increase their participation into the labor market? And why do we know so little about the criminal motivation among white collar criminals?

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Gender and Varieties of White‐collar Crime*

Cited by 258 publications

References 15 publications

The Origin of White Collar Criminality? – Exploring a Gene x Environment Interaction Hypothesis

The Origin of White Collar Criminality? – Exploring a Gene x Environment Interaction Hypothesis

La tolérance des juges à la fraude fiscale : un inconscient d’institution

White Collar Criminals: The State of Knowledge

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