2021
DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab042
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Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a respiratory viral infection, has affected more than 78 million individuals worldwide as of the end of December 2020. Previous studies reported that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 and Middle East respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus infections may affect the gastrointestinal (GI) system. In this review we outline the important GI manifestations of COVID-19 and discuss the possible underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and their diagnosis and managem… Show more

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Cited by 84 publications
(72 citation statements)
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References 130 publications
(125 reference statements)
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“…Evidence suggests a cytotoxic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on enterocytes. Indeed, enterocytes express both the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2, required for intracellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, and cells were rapidly infected in a human small intestinal organoid model, producing infectious virion [1]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and intracytoplasmatic viral proteins have been observed in biopsies from different parts of the GI tract, supporting viral intrusion in vivo [6,7].…”
Section: Cytotoxic Enterocyte Injurymentioning
confidence: 89%
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“…Evidence suggests a cytotoxic effect of SARS-CoV-2 on enterocytes. Indeed, enterocytes express both the ACE2 receptor and TMPRSS2, required for intracellular entry of SARS-CoV-2, and cells were rapidly infected in a human small intestinal organoid model, producing infectious virion [1]. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and intracytoplasmatic viral proteins have been observed in biopsies from different parts of the GI tract, supporting viral intrusion in vivo [6,7].…”
Section: Cytotoxic Enterocyte Injurymentioning
confidence: 89%
“…The reported prevalence of GI symptoms in COVID-19 patients is highly variable and ranges from 11-95%, potentially related to differences in study design, population and definition of GI symptoms (Table 1) [1]. In general, symptoms were mild and non-specific, and included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain [1]. Patients with initial GI symptoms more frequently had fever, constitutional symptoms, shortness of breath and body aches [2].…”
Section: Clinical Gi Features Related To Covid-19mentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are expressed in different cell types, as alveolar pneumocytes type 2 [ 51 ] and in the gastrointestinal tract, where, according to some studies, they would have a greater expression than in the lung [ 52 ]. ACE2 is particularly expressed by epithelial cells of the gut, thus leading to the virus entering in these cells and to the consequent infection and damage [ 53 ].…”
Section: Protagonists and Co-protagonists Of The Infection: The Role Of Ace2mentioning
confidence: 99%