Gastrointestinal Function Regulation by Nitrergic Efferent Nerves

Toda, Noboru; Herman, Arnold G.

doi:10.1124/pr.57.3.4

Cited by 98 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 388 publications

(422 reference statements)

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“…An important role for neuronal NOS (nNOS)-derived NO has been demonstrated in the ENS of various species (Toda and Herman, 2005). In the murine GI tract, pharmacological contractility studies (Ueno et al, 2004;Zizzo et al, 2005;De Man et al, 2007) and studies in nNOSknockout animals (Mashimo et al, 1996) demonstrated that NO generated from nNOS is the main inhibitory nonadrenergic noncholinergic (NANC) neurotransmitter in the ENS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Gastrointestinal Motility and Reduces the Proportion of Neuronal NOS‐Immunoreactive Myenteric Neurons in the Murine Jejunum

Bagyánszki

Krecsmarik

Winter

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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Alcohol consumption interferes with gastrointestinal transit causing symptoms in alcoholic patients. Nitric oxide (NO), synthesized by neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) plays an important role in the control of gastrointestinal motility. Our aim was to investigate whether chronic alcohol intake in a murine model induces gastrointestinal motility disturbances and affects the nitrergic myenteric neurons in the stomach and jejunum. Gastric emptying, small intestinal transit and geometric centre were measured in vivo after intragastric gavage of Evans blue. Nitrergic relaxations to electrical field stimulation (EFS) and exogenous NO were recorded in jejunal muscle strips in vitro. The proportion of nNOS-immunopositive myenteric neurons was assessed using PGP9.5 and nNOS immunostaining. After chronic alcohol consumption, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were delayed compared with control mice, and the nitrergic nervemediated relaxations to EFS in the jejunum were decreased, whereas relaxations to exogenous NO did not differ. The proportion of nNOS-immunoreactive neurons did not change in the stomach, whereas in the jejunum the percentage decreased from 33% to 27% (P < 0.001) after chronic alcohol intake. The total number of myenteric neurons remained unchanged. These results suggest that chronic alcohol consumption disturbs gastric and small intestinal motility in vivo and in vitro and is associated with a decrease in the proportion of nNOS-immunoreactive myenteric neurons in the murine jejunum. Anat Rec, 293:1536Rec, 293: -1542Rec, 293: , 2010.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Gastrointestinal Motility and Reduces the Proportion of Neuronal NOS‐Immunoreactive Myenteric Neurons in the Murine Jejunum

Bagyánszki

Krecsmarik

Winter

et al. 2010

The Anatomical Record

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“…However, the identity of ATP as an inhibitory transmitter remains controversial (4,5), and many investigators continue to refer to the actual transmitter substance as a purine or purine-like substance. Nitric oxide (NO) also has been considered a primary neurotransmitter, and the evidence supporting a role for NO in inhibitory neural responses is convincing (6)(7)(8). Neuropeptides, such as vasoactive intestinal peptide and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, also are expressed in inhibitory neurons and may contribute to higher threshold responses (9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in visceral smooth muscle

Mutafova‐Yambolieva

Hwang

Hao

et al. 2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

164

325

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Peripheral inhibitory nerves are physiological regulators of the contractile behavior of visceral smooth muscles. One of the transmitters responsible for inhibitory neurotransmission has been reputed to be a purine, possibly ATP. However, the exact identity of this substance has never been verified. Here we show that ␤-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (␤-NAD), an inhibitory neurotransmitter candidate, is released by stimulation of enteric nerves in gastrointestinal muscles, and the pharmacological profile of ␤-NAD mimics the endogenous neurotransmitter better than ATP. Levels of ␤-NAD in superfusates of muscles after nerve stimulation exceed ATP by at least 30-fold; unlike ATP, the release of ␤-NAD depends on the frequency of nerve stimulation. ␤-NAD is released from enteric neurons, and release was blocked by tetrodotoxin or -conotoxin GVIA. ␤-NAD is an agonist for P2Y1 receptors, as demonstrated by receptor-mediated responses in HEK293 cells expressing P2Y1 receptors. Exogenous ␤-NAD mimics the effects of the enteric inhibitory neurotransmitter. Responses to ␤-NAD and inhibitory junction potentials are blocked by the P2Y1-selective antagonist, MRS2179, and the nonselective P2 receptor antagonists, pyridoxal phosphate 6-azophenyl-2,4-disulfonic acid and suramin. Responses to ATP are not blocked by these P2Y receptor inhibitors. The expression of CD38 in gastrointestinal muscles, and specifically in interstitial cells of Cajal, provides a means of transmitter disposal after stimulation. ␤-NAD meets the traditional criteria for a neurotransmitter that contributes to enteric inhibitory regulation of visceral smooth muscles.enteric nervous system ͉ gastrointestinal motility ͉ P2Y receptor ͉ purinergic neurotransmission ͉ interstitial cells of Cajal

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“…NO has a role in the control of smooth muscle tone and motility as well as fluid secretion in the GI tract. NO released from the nitrergic nerves and the vascular endothelium results in vasodilatation and leads to an increase in mucosal blood flow, which might help to protect the mucosa (12). The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic GMPindependent mechanisms, and decreased intracellular Ca levels play an important role in NO-induced relaxation in the GI smooth muscles (3,12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Likewise, neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, ATP, peptides, and norepinephrine have a role in the control of the NO release from the nitrergic nerves. The inhibition of the NO synthesis due to pathological conditions can cause an increase in GI muscle contractility and an impairment of GI function (12).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…NO released from the nitrergic nerves and the vascular endothelium results in vasodilatation and leads to an increase in mucosal blood flow, which might help to protect the mucosa (12). The cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP), cyclic GMPindependent mechanisms, and decreased intracellular Ca levels play an important role in NO-induced relaxation in the GI smooth muscles (3,12). Likewise, neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine, ATP, peptides, and norepinephrine have a role in the control of the NO release from the nitrergic nerves.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the chronic esophagitis model in rats

Doshi

Srivastava²

2014

Turk J Med Sci

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Agricultural biomass is the world's largest, most sustainable, and most promising renewable energy source. This study investigated the potential of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) oilseed residual waste (defatted kernel, hull, and their mixture) as a source of ethanol. The pretreatment of the finely ground samples was carried out using dilute sulfuric acid (0.5%) hydrolysis at a higher temperature of 121 °C and 15 psi pressure for 90 min. The pretreatment usually removes the lignin and facilitates the hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicelluloses. They were further hydrolyzed using 5% H 2 SO 4 at 50 °C for 70 h. The analyses of hydrolyzed products have shown the presence of 66.06-67.12 mg g -1 of total reducing sugars, 0.41-0.47 mg g -1 of glucose, and 0.36-0.45 mg g -1 of xylose, from which the rate of hydrolysis and conversion percentage of cellulose to glucose (44.44%-55.16%) and hemicelluloses to xylose (53.76%-67.17%) was obtained. The hydrolyzed product of complex polysaccharide was further converted into ethanol by fermentation at 32 °C on an orbital shaker using commercial yeast. The results showed ethanol yield of about 10.3%, 8.3%, and 3.3%, respectively in fermentation broths of kernel, mixture, and hull samples, thus indicating Karanja oilseed wastes as potential sources for ethanol production.

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Gastrointestinal Function Regulation by Nitrergic Efferent Nerves

Cited by 98 publications

References 388 publications

Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Gastrointestinal Motility and Reduces the Proportion of Neuronal NOS‐Immunoreactive Myenteric Neurons in the Murine Jejunum

Chronic Alcohol Consumption Affects Gastrointestinal Motility and Reduces the Proportion of Neuronal NOS‐Immunoreactive Myenteric Neurons in the Murine Jejunum

β-Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is an inhibitory neurotransmitter in visceral smooth muscle

Expression of NADPH-d in the vagal nuclei of the chronic esophagitis model in rats

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