Gastric distention by balloon and test-meal intake in obese and lean subjects

Geliebter, Allan; Westreich, Sandra; Gage, Dennis

doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.3.592

Cited by 131 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Each of these attributes has been associated with weaker effects on appetite and dietary compensation. [52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] The absolute and relative importance of these properties, and others, has not been established, but warrant exploration. In summary, the present trial supports an independent effect of food rheology on energy intake.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

et al. 2007

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Objective: To investigate the independent effect of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese adults using high carbohydrate, fat or protein food stimuli. Design: Crossover dietary challenge with matched beverage and solid food forms: high carbohydrate (watermelon and watermelon juice); high protein (cheese and milk); high fat (coconut meat and coconut milk). Results: Regardless of the predominant energy source, the beverage food form elicited a weaker compensatory dietary response than the matched solid food form. Thus, total daily energy intake was significantly higher by 12.4, 19 and 15% on days the beverage forms of the high-carbohydrate, -fat and -protein foods were ingested, respectively. This was due more to a weak effect on satiety than satiation. The obese participants had higher energy intake at the lunch, including the beverage highprotein load, but overall differences between lean and obese participants were small and not systematic. Conclusion: Food rheology exerts an independent effect on energy intake. Dietary compensation for beverages is weaker than for solid food forms of comparable nutrient content. Thus, they pose a greater risk for promoting positive energy balance.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

et al. 2007

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“…A similar ®nding of a prolongation and hereby à normalization' of the lag-phase and half emptying time (T50) in obese subjects following a major weight reduction has previously been described. 9 Since delivery of food to the small intestine can constitute part of the mechanism of development of satiety in response to gastric distention, 5,6 prolongation of the lag-phase or slowing of the initial emptying rate might postpone meal-termination and thereby pre-dispose to overconsumption and regain of a weight loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,4 Gastric distention, in combination with delivery of nutrients to the small intestine, is supposed to contribute to satiety in both animals and humans. 5,6 An enhanced gastric emptying might predispose to overeating and obesity. 7 In agreement with this theory, lean to slightly overweight Mexican Americans, a population known to be susceptible to obesity, have an enhanced gastric emptying rate compared to non-Hispanic Whites matched for age, gender and body mass index (BMI).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of obesity and major weight reduction on gastric emptying

et al. 2000

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BACKGROUND: An enhanced gastric emptying rate might reduce the satiating effect of food and thereby promote obesity. Gastric emptying rate has previously been compared between obese and lean subjects with con¯icting outcome. OBJECTIVE: Comparison of gastric emptying rate in lean and obese subjects before and after a major weight reduction. DESIGN: The study was designed as a case ± control study comparing obese and lean subjects and a subsequent comparison of obese subjects before and after a dietary induced major weight reduction. METHOD: Gastric emptying rate following a solid test meal was estimated scintigraphically for 3 h using the left anterior oblique projection. SUBJECTS: Nineteen non-diabetic obese (mean BMI 38.7 kgam 2 ) and 12 lean (mean BMI 23.1 kgam 2 ) males matched for age and height. All obese subjects were re-examined after a mean weight loss of 18.8 kg (95% CI, 14.4 ± 23.2) achieved by 16 weeks of dietary intervention followed by 8 weeks of weight stability. RESULTS: When comparing obese and lean subjects no differences were seen in overall 3 h emptying rate (30.3% per hour vs 30.5% per hour). However, a trend towards a higher percentage gastric emptying during the initial 30 min was seen in the obese when compared to lean subjects (24.0% vs 17.8% of the test meal; P 0.08). Weight loss was associated with a reduction in percentage gastric emptying during the initial 30 min (from 24.0% to 18.3% of the testmeal; P`0.02), whereas the overall 3 h emptying rate was unaffected (30.3% vs 30.9% per hour). Neither initial or overall emptying rate differed between reduced-obese and lean subjects. CONCLUSION: Overall 3 h gastric emptying rate was similar in obese and normal weight males, and unaffected by a major weight loss. However, percentage gastric emptying during the initial 30 min for a solid meal appeared to be increased in obese males and was normalized after a major weight reduction.

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“…There is little doubt that the cognitive, oral, digestive and absorptive processes associated with fluid versus solid food processing differ markedly. Expectations about the energy value of foods exert powerful influences on appetitive responses 39,59,60 as does mastication 61,62 and the extent and duration of gastric distention and GI transit, [63][64][65] all of which differ for liquid and solid foods. Further, the efficiency of absorption of macronutrients may differ as solid food forms can be more resistant to mechanical, enzymatic and bacterial degradation, thus reducing the efficiency of energy extraction.…”

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confidence: 99%

Beverages and positive energy balance: the menace is the medium

Mattes

2006

Int J Obes

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Energy-containing beverages have been implicated in the increasing incidence and prevalence of overweight and obesity. This association has been challenged based on some conflicting evidence and questions about a plausible mechanism. However, the preponderance of epidemiological data indicates that caloric beverage consumption is positively associated with energy intake and body mass index, and this is supported by most intervention trials. Mechanistic questions remain largely unresolved, but there is compelling evidence that caloric beverages elicit weak satiety and compensatory dietary responses. Some attribute this to the components of beverages (e.g., carbohydrate form), but the totality of evidence indicates that the limited appetitive and dietary responses hold across beverage types. This suggests that the fluid medium rather than energy form or nutrient composition is responsible. If true, this hypothesis holds implications for recommendations to the moderate consumption of energy from beverages for example, substitution of one energy-yielding beverage for another may be less effective than reducing intake or switching to lower or non-energy sources.

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Gastric distention by balloon and test-meal intake in obese and lean subjects

Cited by 131 publications

References 6 publications

Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

Effects of food form on appetite and energy intake in lean and obese young adults

Effect of obesity and major weight reduction on gastric emptying

Beverages and positive energy balance: the menace is the medium

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