Gastric cancer and genomics: review of literature

Abstract

Gastric cancer (GC) is a major health concern in many countries. GC is a heterogeneous disease stratified by histopathological differences. However, these variations are not used to determine GC management. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies have become widely used, and cancer genomic analysis has recently revealed the relationships between various malignant tumors and genomic information. In 2014, studies using whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for GC revealed the entire structure of GC genomics. Genomics with NGS has been used to identify new therapeutic targets for GC. Moreover, personalized medicine to provide specific therapy for targets based on multiplex gene panel testing of tumor tissues has become of clinical use. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been used for GC treatment; however, their response rates are limited. To predict the anti-tumor effects of ICIs for GC and to select patients suitable for ICI treatment, genomics also provides informative data not only of tumors but also of tumor microenvironments, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. In therapeutic strategies for unresectable or recurrent malignant tumors, the target is not only the primary lesion but also metastatic lesions, and metastatic lesions are often resistant to chemotherapy. Unlike colorectal carcinoma, there is a heterogeneous status of genetic variants between the primary and metastatic lesions in GC. Liquid biopsy analysis is also helpful for predicting the genomic status of both primary and metastatic lesions. Genomics has become an indispensable tool for GC treatment and is expected to be further developed in the future.

Exosomes: A potential tool for immunotherapy of ovarian cancer

“…However, while the role of T cells has made some progress, the function of B cells is still unclear. Recent studies have shown that B cells play an important role in anti-tumor immunity ( 193 ), and numerous B lymphocyte populations (naive B cells, memory B cells, activated memory B cells) have been found in the TME. B cells are the second adaptive immune cell population found in TME ( 194 , 195 ).…”

Overview of Chemotherapy for Gastric Cancer

“…Although many molecular-targeted agents have been developed to treat GC, no agent, except trastuzumab, has shown efficacy as a first-line therapy [ 53 ]. However, advances in genomic analysis have revealed genetic subgroups that are attractive therapeutic targets [ 13 ]. Here, we provide an overview of the development of zolbetuximab for claudin 18.2 (CLDNl8.2) and bemarituzumab for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2b (FGFR2b), which are currently garnering remarkable attention as therapeutic targets.…”

“…In contrast, GC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage in most Western patients. Notably, the biological nature of GC and differences in therapeutic quality between Eastern and Western countries may affect treatment outcomes [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

The Impact of Palliative Radiation Therapy on Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer: Results of a Retrospective Cohort Study

“…The major risk factors for gastric cancer include bacterial infection, smoking, diet, and alcohol consumption [2]. In recent years, next-generation sequencing technologies have elucidated the landscape of genetic variations in the carcinogenesis of gastric carcinoma [3].…”