Garcinia Mangostana Peel Extract as Sustainable Fuel Source on Ceria Synthesis under Hydrothermal Condition

Abstract

Cerium (IV) oxide or ceria (CeO2) was fabricated by heating an aqueous extract of Garcinia mangostana and cerium (III) nitrate in hydrothermal autoclave reactor at 200 °C for 3 hours, followed by calcination at 600 °C for 5 hours. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the precipitate from cerium(III) nitrate under hydrothermal reaction conditions shows no clear XRD peaks, indicating its amorphous nature. In contrast, the products from the calcinated samples exhibit XRD peaks, which correspond to cubic fluorite structure with an average crystal size of 7.55 nm. The elemental mapping using the energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis reveals the main elements present were cerium and oxygen, with minor impurities in low amounts. The presence of Garcinia mangostana extract is predicted to be the key component and fuel source to obtain CeO2 particles with narrow crystal size.

Effect of Calcination Temperature on Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of Copper Oxide Nanostructures Derived from Garcinia mangostana L. Leaf Extract

“…However, fairly uniform spherical shapes were observed in the Fardood and Ramazani study using black tea extract to synthesis CuO NPs calcinated at 600 °C [ 45 ]. The agglomeration of synthesized CuO NPs at 600 °C might be due to the removal of carbonized materials [ 86 ] which is supported by the Fardood and Ramazani study using coffee powder extract to synthesize CuO NPs [ 13 ]. Thus, the SEM images revealed that the coarsening and coalescence occurred due to the changes in calcination temperature and resulted in NP morphology alteration [ 23 , 83 ].…”