Gambicin: A novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector
            <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>

Vizioli, Jacopo; Bulet, Philippe; Hoffmann, Jules A.; Kafatos, Fotis C.; Müller, Hans‐Michael; Dimopoulos, George

doi:10.1073/pnas.221466798

Cited by 174 publications

(150 citation statements)

References 42 publications

(75 reference statements)

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“…gambiae (Richman et al, 1997;Vizioli et al, 2001;Nikou et al, 2003), we found that expression of this gene fluctuated across the array of developmental stages we tested ( Supplementary Fig. 2).…”

Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

Togawa

Dunn

Emmons

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

106

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CPR proteins are the largest cuticular protein family in arthropods. The whole genome sequence of Anopheles gambiae revealed 156 genes that code for proteins with the R&R Consensus and named CPRs. This protein family can be divided into RR-1 and RR-2 subgroups, postulated to contribute to different regions of the cuticle. We determined the temporal expression patterns of these genes throughout post-embryonic development by means of real-time qRT-PCR. Based on expression profiles, these genes were grouped into 21 clusters. Most of the genes were expressed with sharp peaks at single or multiple periods associated with molting. Genes coding for RR-1 and RR-2 proteins were found together in several co-expression clusters. Twenty-five genes were expressed exclusively at one metamorphic stage. Five out of six X-linked genes showed equal expression in males and females, supporting the presence of a gene dosage compensation system in An. gambiae. Many RR-2 genes are organized into sequence clusters whose members are extremely similar to each other and generally closely associated on a chromosome. Most genes in each sequence cluster are expressed with the same temporal expression pattern and at the same level, suggesting a shared mechanism to regulate their expression.

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Section: Data Analysesmentioning

confidence: 86%

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

Togawa

Dunn

Emmons

et al. 2008

Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

106

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“…Upregulation of AMPs during infection have been reported [49,50]. Transferrin is a defence molecule which has been shown to be up-regulated in Cx.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.

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“…A recent study has shown that ectopic overexpression of CEC1 drastically reduces susceptibility of mosquitoes to Plasmodium (33). Other REL2-regulated proteins that might explain the observed phenotype are Gambicin (GAM1), another AMP with antiparasitic activity in vitro (34), and LRIM1, a key antagonist of ookinete-tooocyst development (13).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

Meister

Kanzok

Zheng

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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236

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We show that, in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae, expression of Cecropin 1 is regulated by REL2, an NF-B-like transcription factor orthologous to Drosophila Relish. Through alternative splicing, REL2 produces a full-length (REL2-F) and a shorter (REL2-S) protein isoform lacking the inhibitory ankyrin repeats and death domain. RNA interference experiments show that, in contrast to Drosophila Relish, which responds solely to Gram-negative bacteria, the Anopheles REL2-F and REL2-S isoforms are involved in defense against the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and the Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, respectively. REL2-F also regulates the intensity of mosquito infection with the malaria parasite, Plasmodium berghei. The adaptor IMD shares the same activities as REL2-F. Microarray analysis identified 10 additional genes regulated by REL2, including CEC3, GAM1, and LRIM1.innate immunity ͉ NF-B ͉ Relish ͉ Cecropin ͉ Imd

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Gambicin: A novel immune responsive antimicrobial peptide from the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae

Cited by 174 publications

References 42 publications

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

Developmental expression patterns of cuticular protein genes with the R&R Consensus from Anopheles gambiae

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Immune signaling pathways regulating bacterial and malaria parasite infection of the mosquito Anopheles gambiae

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