“…In stock index prediction, some works deal with level forecasting using fuzzy logic (Huarng, 2001a(Huarng, , 2001bYu, 2005aYu, , 2005bHuarng & Yu, 2005, 2006Chen, Cheng & Teoh, 2007Chu et al, 2009) and hybrid models with rough sets (Teoh et al, , 2009, Markov chain concept (Wang, Cheng & Hsu, 2010), or neural networks (Cheng, Wei & Chen, 2009;Yu & Huarng, 2008Boyacioglu & Avci, 2010), but none of them deals with forecasts on the direction/sign of the changes in price levels. In addition, according to Leung, Daouk, & Chen (2000), forecasting strategies based on levels seem to be less profitable than forecasting strategies based on the change of direction/sign of a stock index.…”