Fungal Gibberellin Production

Brueckner, Bernhard; Blechschmidt, D.; Sembdner, G.; Schneider, G.

doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1111-6_21

Cited by 19 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…The gibberellins, which are natural plant hormones, regulate various stages of plant development, such as stem elongation and induction of¯owering. They have found many applications in agriculture, horticulture and the brewing industry (BruÈ ckner et al 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, characterization and disruption of the areA nitrogen regulatory gene of Gibberella fujikuroi

et al. 1999

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The gene areA-GF, a homologue of the major nitrogen regulatory genes nit-2, areA, nre and NUT1 of Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium chrysogenum and Magnaporthe grisea, respectively, was cloned from the gibberellin (GA)-producing rice pathogen Gibberella fujikuroi. areA-GF encodes a protein of 972 amino acid residues which contains a single putative zinc ®nger DNA-binding domain that is at least 98% identical to the zinc ®nger domains of the homologous fungal proteins. The areA-GF gene has been shown to be functional in N. crassa by heterologous complementation of a RIP induced nit-2 mutant. The transformation rate was nearly as high as in a homologous complementation control. Transformants were able to utilize nitrate and expressed a normally regulated nitrate reductase activity. To generate areA-GF A mutants, gene replacement experiments were performed using a linearized replacement vector carrying the hygromycin B phosphotransferase (hph) gene. The replacement of the zinc ®nger by the hygromycin cassette resulted in transformants which were unable to utilize nitrogen sources other than ammonium and glutamine, and gave signi®cantly reduced gibberellin production yields. Complementation of such a mutant with the wild-type gene led to the full recovery of gibberellin production.Key words Nitrogen regulation á Gibberella fujikuroi á areA gene á Gibberellin biosynthesis Ó Springer-Verlag 1999 Communicated by C. A. M. J. J. ven den Hondel B. Tudzynski (8) á V. Homann

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation, characterization and disruption of the areA nitrogen regulatory gene of Gibberella fujikuroi

et al. 1999

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“…The fungus Gibberella fujikuroi (perfect stage of Fusarium moniliforme) produces gibberellins [1] and other secondary metabolites such as carotenoids [2], bikaverin [3], and fusarin C [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aeration affects acetate destination in Gibberella fujikuroi

Giordano

Domenech

1999

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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Gibberellins, fatty acids and the polyketides bikaverin and fusarin C are synthesized from a common precursor, acetyl-CoA. The production of these compounds in Gibberella fujikuroi was strongly influenced by aeration, determined by the air/medium ratio in shaken batch cultures. Higher aeration resulted in increased growth and the production of bikaverin and gibberellins. Low aeration stimulated fatty acid and fusarin C production. Feeding experiments with labeled leucine or acetate resulted in different proportions of labeled palmitic acid and bikaverin, indicating that these compounds are synthesized from independent acetate pools.

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“…Apart from plants some fungi also produce these terpenoids, particularly Gibberella fujikuroi (Hypocreale). GAs have many applications in agriculture and the brewing industry . Therefore, their abundant production by some strains of G .…”

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Microbial Transformation of ent-Kaurenoic Acid and Its 15-Hydroxy Derivatives by the SG138 Mutant of Gibberella fujikuroi

et al. 2001

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Feeding experiments with ent-kaurenoic acid (4), 15R-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid (5), 15 -hydroxy-entkaurenoic acid (6), and mixtures of 4 plus 5 and 4 plus 6 were conducted using the SG138 mutant of Gibberella fujikuroi, to gain information about the phenotype of this unique strain. The biotransformation of 5 gave 7 ,15R-dihydroxykaurenolide (9) and 7 ,15R-dihydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid (13). The incubation of 6 produced 7 ,15 -dihydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid (7) and 7 ,15 -dihydroxykaurenolide (10). No 15-hydroxylated gibberellins were detected in any of these experiments. The results indicated that a hydroxy group at C-15 does not inhibit 7 -hydroxylase activity but in the SG138 strain obstructs the enzymatic ring-B contraction of ent-kaurenoids to gibberellins. Exogenous 4 stimulated both the excretion of ent-kaurene and the fungal metabolism of 5 and 6. Gibberellins (GAs) are terpenoid phytohormones which play an important role in the regulation of plant growth and development. Apart from plants some fungi also produce these terpenoids, particularly Gibberella fujikuroi (Hypocreale). GAs have many applications in agriculture and the brewing industry. 1 Therefore, their abundant production by some strains of G. fujikuroi has led to the study of their biosynthesis by this fungus in considerable detail over the last three decades. 2 Some aspects of the biogenesis of the gibberellins via ent-kaurene (1), entkaurenol (2), ent-kaurenal (3), and ent-kaurenoic acid (4) are fully described, 2 but many of the biochemical and physiological aspects of fungal gibberellin biosynthesis are still poorly understood. As part of our research into the biotechnology of G. fujikuroi we have investigated the metabolites produced by the GA-producer IMI58289 strain. 3,4 Subsequently, the kaurenoids and GAs synthesized by several gib-mutants developed from the IMI58289 wildtype strain were also analyzed. 5 The results of these analyses and preliminary feeding experiments 6 suggested to us that one of these mutants (SG138) was blocked in the oxidative transformations from ent-kaurene (1) to entkaurenoic acid (4), as well as in 3 -hydroxylation, 13 -hydroxylation, and the loss of C-20 by the GAs. These unusual features prompted us to make further feeding experiments with strain SG138 to gain more information about its unusual phenotype. We describe here the results of incubations with ent-kaurenoic acid (4), the "unnatural" substrates 15R-hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid (5) and 15 -hydroxy-ent-kaurenoic acid (6), and mixtures of 4 plus 5 and 4 plus 6. Throughout these experiments it was observed that ent-kaurenoic acid (4) substantially stimulated the metabolism and/or excretion of 1, 5, and 6.The results of incubations using the SG138 mutant of G. fujikuroi, both with and without ent-kaurenoic acid (4), are summarized in Table 1. All compounds included in this table were identified by means of GC-MS. Several substances could be isolated, and their structures were confirmed by NMR techniques (see the Experimental Section for more details). A num...

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Fungal Gibberellin Production

Cited by 19 publications

References 86 publications

Isolation, characterization and disruption of the areA nitrogen regulatory gene of Gibberella fujikuroi

Isolation, characterization and disruption of the areA nitrogen regulatory gene of Gibberella fujikuroi

Aeration affects acetate destination in Gibberella fujikuroi

Microbial Transformation of ent-Kaurenoic Acid and Its 15-Hydroxy Derivatives by the SG138 Mutant of Gibberella fujikuroi

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