Fundamentals of Medical Physiology

Hemocompatibility of pseudozwitterionic polymer brushes with a systematic well-defined charge-bias control

“…A robust platelet adhesion and activation was observed on the negatively charged polySA-grafted surface, as revealed in Figure 4(b)-(d). According to Michael ad Sircar [38], platelets can be activated by a negatively charged surface in which the intrinsic pathway that blood clots is triggered by contact of blood platelets with negatively charged surfaces. Activated platelets change in shape to become more spherical with pseudopods form on their surface and subsequently discharge their granules and develop another type of integrin on its surface called GPIIb-IIIa.…”

Computational conformational antimicrobial analysis developing mechanomolecular theory for polymer biomaterials in materials science and engineering

“…Lipids are nonpolar organic molecules with limited water solubility requiring organic solvents for extraction [Sherwood, 2004; McMurry, 2004; Brown et al ., 2009]. With biological complexity, phospholipids are components of cell membranes as two fatty-acid inner tail center linkages to outer polar or hydrophillic negatively charged phosphate head groups that can interact with water [Alberts et al ., 2002; McMurry, 2004; Sherwood, 2004; Staley et al ., 2007; Brown et al ., 2009; Michael and Sicar, 2010]. Nonspecific disruptions of the cell membrane have been demonstrated by triclosan without cell leakage [Villalaín et al ., 2001; Russel, 2003; Russel, 2004] that include destabilizing movement with interrupted van der Waals interactions between chains, increased lipid chain motion manifested by decreased lipid viscosity, less membrane packing and lower lipid gel to liquid transition temperatures [Villalaín et al ., 2001; Guillén et al ., 2004].…”

“…Electron distributions of nonpolar molecules such as triclosan at close distances can instantaneously be induced to form temporary nonuniform small dipole–dipole attraction forces and pack molecules together [Atkins, 1994; McMurry, 2004; Brown et al ., 2009] as a reason for the pi–pi ring stacking. Further, NADH is one of the most important biologic reducing agents as the reduced form of NAD that donates protons and with NAD + is the most significant carrier for electron transfer during energy production and fatty-acid catabolism [Walker, 1998; Alberts et al ., 2002; Sherwood, 2004; McMurry, 2004; Brown et al ., 2009; Murray et al ., 2009; Michael and Sircar, 2010]. In fact, all proteins, carbohydrates and fats are broken down to release hydrogen that is carried by NAD as NADH across a membrane [Sherwood, 2004; Michael and Sircar, 2010].…”

“…Further, NADH is one of the most important biologic reducing agents as the reduced form of NAD that donates protons and with NAD + is the most significant carrier for electron transfer during energy production and fatty-acid catabolism [Walker, 1998; Alberts et al ., 2002; Sherwood, 2004; McMurry, 2004; Brown et al ., 2009; Murray et al ., 2009; Michael and Sircar, 2010]. In fact, all proteins, carbohydrates and fats are broken down to release hydrogen that is carried by NAD as NADH across a membrane [Sherwood, 2004; Michael and Sircar, 2010]. Of importance to possible molecular compatibilization with polymer blending applications [Datta and Lohse, 1996], computational electron distribution mapping for ring stacking shows close similarities between the molecular structures for triclosan and NADH [Roujenikova et al ., 1999; Stewart et al ., 1999].…”

“…Also, lipids are recognized as the universal basis for the membrane lipid bilayer and are synthesized as linear polymers from smaller biological molecular hydrocarbon units for self assembly into larger structures such as membranes [Alberts et al ., 2002; Sherwood, 2004; Michael and Sicar, 2010]. Bacterial cell membranes are phospholipids that also contain an outer peptidoglycan coating with protein and disaccharide sugar residues on the outside or extracellular side called the cell wall [Walker, 1998; Staley et al ., 2007; Murray et al ., 2009].…”