Fundamentals of Li/CF<sub><i>x</i></sub>battery design and application

Zhang, Shixue; Kong, Lingchen; Liu, Yu; Peng, Cong; Feng, Wei

doi:10.1039/d2ee04179k

Cited by 32 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 281 publications

(389 reference statements)

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“…The second discharge specific capacities of SIBs and PIBs are 249 and 512 mAh g −1 , respectively, significantly better than those of LIBs. This is because the dissociation energy of the discharge products sodium fluoride (NaF) and potassium fluoride (KF) is lower than that of lithium fluoride (LiF), [ 58,59 ] making the discharge reaction partially reversible. As shown in Figure S24 (Supporting Information), the energy densities of Na/DFG‐N and K/DFG‐N secondary cells are 409 and 360 Wh kg −1 after 15 cycles, and there is still considerable room for improvement, which will be investigated in detail in the future.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Luo

Wang

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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Fluorinated carbon (CFx) is considered as a promising cathode material for lithium/sodium/potassium primary batteries with superior theoretical energy density. However, achieving high energy and power densities simultaneously remains a considerable challenge due to the strong covalency of the C‐F bond in the highly fluorinated CFx. Herein, an efficient surface engineering strategy combining surface defluorination and nitrogen doping enables fluorinated graphene nanosheets (DFG‐N) to possess controllable conductive nanolayers and reasonably regulated C‐F bonds. The DFG‐N delivers an unprecedented dual performance for lithium primary batteries with a power density of 77456 W kg−1 and an energy density of 1067 Wh kg−1 at an ultrafast rate of 50 C, which is the highest level reported to date. The DFG‐N also achieved a record power density of 15256 and 17881 W kg−1 at 10 C for sodium and potassium primary batteries, respectively. The characterization results and density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the excellent performance of DFG‐N is attributed to surface engineering strategies that remarkably improve electronic and ionic conductivity without sacrificing the high fluorine content. This work provides a compelling strategy for developing advanced ultrafast primary batteries that combine ultrahigh energy density and power density.This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Luo

Wang

et al. 2023

Advanced Materials

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“…[11,14,17,[42][43][44][45][46][47] Volume expansion and surface passivation caused by the accumulation of the inactive product LiF during lithiation is one of the main disadvantages of CF x , which severely affects the conversion rate and structural stability of the active material. [5] Therefore, to compare the expansion behavior of the CF with a bulk structure and the FGNSs with a nanosheet structure, we performed an SEM characterization of the electrode surface/section before and after discharge. The surface SEM images of the pristine and fully discharged cathodes are shown in Figures 2a,d.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consequently, the FGNSs with nanosheet structures exhibited superior electrochemical performance and only slight volume deformation. The evolution of the plane stress in the CF x electrode versus the discharge time was calculated by substituting the obtained relevant parameters into Equation (5), where σxx and σyy denote the average plane stresses in the x-and y-orientations, respectively, both of which are expressed as compressive stresses. The plane stress of the electrode increased gradually with the discharge time, which is consistent with the evolution of the Li + concentration.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Revealing the Mechano‐Electrochemical Coupling Behavior and Discharge Mechanism of Fluorinated Carbon Cathodes toward High‐Power Lithium Primary Batteries

Luo,

Yang

et al. 2023

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Unclear reaction mechanisms and unsatisfactory power performance hinder the further development of advanced lithium/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries. Herein, the mechano‐electrochemical coupling behavior of a CFx cathode is investigated by in situ monitoring strain/stress using digital image correlation (DIC) techniques, electrochemical methods, and theoretical equations. The DIC monitoring results present the distribution and dynamic evolution of the plane strain and indicate strong dependence toward the material structure and discharge rate. The average plane principal strain of fully discharged 2D fluorinated graphene nanosheets (FGNSs) at 0.5 C is 0.50%, which is only 38.5% that of conventional bulk‐structure CFx. Furthermore, the superior structural stability of the FGNSs is demonstrated by the microstructure and component characterization before and after discharge. The plane stress evolution is calculated based on theoretical equations, and the contributions of electrochemical and mechanical factors are examined and discussed. Subsequently, a structure‐dependent three‐region discharge mechanism for CFx electrodes is proposed from a mechanical perspective. Additionally, the surface deformation of Li/FGNSs pouch cells formed during the discharge process is monitored using in situ DIC. This study reveals the discharge mechanism of Li/CFx batteries and facilitates the design of advanced CFx materials.

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“…The current research and discussion on Li/CF x batteries' heat release is far from adequate. A review by Feng's group 127 analyzed the relationship between LiF and Li/CF x batteries' heat release problem, which provides ideas for future research on battery exotherm.…”

Section: Discharge Mechanism Of Li/cfx Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research progress in fluorinated carbon sources and the discharge mechanism for Li/CF_xprimary batteries

et al. 2023

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Fundamentals of Li/CF_xbattery design and application

Abstract: Li/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries are promising systems with ultrahigh energy density and long storage life. They are particularly suitable for emerging applications in military equipment, interventional medical devices, and spacecrafts....

Cited by 32 publications

References 281 publications

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Revealing the Mechano‐Electrochemical Coupling Behavior and Discharge Mechanism of Fluorinated Carbon Cathodes toward High‐Power Lithium Primary Batteries

Research progress in fluorinated carbon sources and the discharge mechanism for Li/CF_xprimary batteries

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Fundamentals of Li/CFxbattery design and application

Abstract: Li/fluorinated carbon (Li/CFx) batteries are promising systems with ultrahigh energy density and long storage life. They are particularly suitable for emerging applications in military equipment, interventional medical devices, and spacecrafts....

Cited by 32 publications

References 281 publications

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Surface Engineering of Fluorinated Graphene Nanosheets Enables Ultrafast Lithium/Sodium/Potassium Primary Batteries

Revealing the Mechano‐Electrochemical Coupling Behavior and Discharge Mechanism of Fluorinated Carbon Cathodes toward High‐Power Lithium Primary Batteries

Research progress in fluorinated carbon sources and the discharge mechanism for Li/CFxprimary batteries

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Fundamentals of Li/CF_xbattery design and application

Research progress in fluorinated carbon sources and the discharge mechanism for Li/CF_xprimary batteries