Membrane
biofouling, adhesion of microorganisms on the surface
and the subsequent formation of a biofilm, remains a persistent and
inevitable issue, which results in a dramatic reduction of permeability
and lifespan. Constructing a membrane with active bacteria-killing
and passive anti-adhesion properties is still a challenge to mitigate
membrane biofouling. Herein, an active–passive anti-biofouling
membrane was originally fabricated by integration of hydrophilic hyperbranched
poly(N-acryloylmorpholine) (HPA) and the dimethylaminoethyl
acrylate–dodecylammonium bromide (DD) quaternary ammonium compound.
Inspired by modern dopamine biomimetic adhesion chemistry, thiolated
HPA was first immobilized on the polydopamine (PD)-modified poly(vinylidene
fluoride) membrane surface through Michael addition, followed by conjugation
of DD via a thiol–ene click reaction. The membrane surface
changes of the chemical structure, hydrophilicity, and zeta potential
proved that bacteria-killing DD and the anti-adhesion HPA layer were
successively conjugated. The initial contact angle of the M-PD/HPA/DD
membrane was reduced from 120.5° for the pure membrane to 52.3°.
Furthermore, the water flux of the M-PD/HPA/DD membrane increased
from 318.9 L m–2 h–1 (0.02 MPa)
for the pure membrane to 854.4 L m–2 h–1. In addition, the M-PD/HPA/DD membrane exhibited excellent active
bacteria-killing property with inhibition rates of ∼90% for Escherichia coli and ∼95% for Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. Meanwhile, in
the filtration of artificial bacteria wastewater, the M-PD/HPA/DD
membrane showed a higher water flux recovery rate of 86.9% than 43.3%
for the pure membrane, indicating an excellent anti-biofouling property.
Therefore, this molecular-level design approach for the modification
of the membrane surface could significantly enhance permeability and
mitigate membrane biofouling, which provides a promising dimension
for the preparation of the anti-biofouling membrane.