Functionality and Activity of Sol–Gel-Prepared Co and Fe co-Doped Lead-Free BTO for Thermo-Optical Applications

Abstract

The BTO, BFTC, and BCTF compounds were synthesized by the sol–gel method. The XRD study revealed the formation of single-phase tetragonal perovskite structures with the space group (P4mm). The crystalline parameters were studied as a function of Fe and Co contents and occupation of Ba and/or Ti sites by Fe and Co in the BTO lattice. It was found that the obtained strain increases when Ba2+ is substituted by Co2+ and Ti4+ by Fe3+. The Raman investigation confirmed the existence of three active modes (B1/E (TO1LO), (E (TO)/A1(TO3), and (A 1(LO)/E (TO), all of which are related to the existence of the tetragonal phase and strongly support the XRD results. The microstructural study showed a clear correlation between the presence of Fe and Co and the grain size distribution. Optical studies revealed the improvement in band gap energy with transition-metal (Fe and Co) co-doped BTO ceramics. The decrease in the band gap is explained by the competing effects of Columbian interactions, microdeformation, and oxygen defects. The results indicate that the presence of Fe and Co dopants enhances the absorption in the BTO ceramic. The dopants demonstrated an effect on thermal conductivity: they decreased the thermal conductivity of BTO, which is in the range of 0.76–2.23 W m–1 K–1 at room temperature and 2.02–0.27 W m–1 K–1 at elevated temperatures. The microstructure of the manufactured materials and the grain size distribution affect the compressive strength.

Enhanced structural, magnetodielectric, and multiferroic response in Fe and Co Co-doped Barium strontium titanate ceramics

“…Hence, in the case of the Co-Fe co-doped BST samples, the notable peak observed around 680 cm −1 might be ascribed to the existence of dopants in the host lattice [53]. The crucial observation in the Raman spectra is the presence of Raman active mode (E (TO)/A1(TO3) located at 520 cm −1 , which corresponds to the presence of a tetragonal single-phase, consistent with the earlier mentioned XRD results [51].…”

“…The Raman spectrum of the undoped BST sample exhibited four major Raman bands at 240, 299, 590, and 770 cm −1 , while the Raman spectra of Co-Fe co-doped BST samples displayed five distinct bands at 117, 175, 522, 682, and 771 cm −1 . The observed changes in the Raman spectra can be ascribed to shifts in the soft mode [51,52]. Moreover, the cation dopant concentration can significantly influence peak intensity changes.…”

Free-standing arrays of BaTiO3 nanotubes for non-enzymatic glucose sensing & hydrophobic coating applications

“…Among the metal oxides, nanostructures of BaTiO 3 have been intensively investigated owing to their excellent properties such as large surface to volume ratio, high thermal and chemical stabilities, good biocompatibility, low-cost, lead-free, excellent piezoelectric as well as ferroelectric properties [8][9][10][11]. Due to these, BaTiO 3 nanostructures suitable for many applications such as multilayer ceramic capacitors, nanogenerators, microwave absorbers, thermo optical applications, energy/data storage devices, transducers, resonators, actuators, nonvolatile random-access memory devices, biosensors, hydrophobic coatings, etc [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. However, only a few reports have been reported on glucose sensing and hydrophobic nature of BaTiO 3 nanostructures.…”

Development of Yttrium-Doped BaTiO3 for Next-Generation Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors

“…These properties, including thermal conductivity and heat capacity, play a significant role in the design and efficiency of many applications, particularly in thermal management in the optoelectronic industries and phase transition materials. , In addition, evaluating the mechanical properties, such as compressive strength of MLCCs is necessary to understand the internal stresses imposed on the MLCCs and to extend their lifetime. BaTiO 3 has also been used in a range of electro-optic systems due to its excellent optical characteristics, including highly sensitive photodetectors, second harmonic generators, light sensors, and optical signal processing. , By altering the content of yttrium (Y) in Ba 1– x Y x TiO 3 ceramic materials, it is possible to modify the physical characteristics and energy band gap of the material, potentially expanding its potential technological applications.…”

“…BaTiO 3 has also been used in a range of electro-optic systems due to its excellent optical characteristics, including highly sensitive photodetectors, second harmonic generators, light sensors, and optical signal processing. 27,28 By altering the content of yttrium (Y) in Ba 1−x Y x TiO 3 ceramic materials, it is possible to modify the physical characteristics and energy band gap of the material, potentially expanding its potential technological applications.…”