Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Motor Activation in the Human Cervical Spinal Cord

Yoshizawa, Takashi; Nose, Tadao; Moore, Gregory J.; Sillerud, Laurel O.

doi:10.1006/nimg.1996.0068

Cited by 93 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…We indeed showed an average signal changes of around 3.2% (range 5 2.8-4.6%), which is consistent with previous findings [Stroman and Ryner, 2001]. Similar findings have been previously reported by spinal cord fMRI studies performed in healthy subjects [Maieron et al, 2007;Stracke et al, 2005;Stroman and Ryner, 2001;Yoshizawa et al, 1996], which showed that both movement [Maieron et al, 2007;Yoshizawa et al, 1996] and tactile stimulation [Stracke et al, 2005;Stroman and Ryner, 2001] of the hand have the potential to elicit cord activity bilaterally, albeit largely in the cord side ipsilateral to the moving/stimulated hand. According to the expected anatomical distribution of the tactile-associated cord recruitment [Brodal, 1981;Kandel et al, 1991;Williams and Warwick, 1980], fMRI activity was predominantly detected on the side of the body being stimulated.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Despite this, seminal studies have shown that spinal cord fMRI is feasible and enables to obtain reliable results both in healthy subjects [Govers et al, 2007;Komisaruk et al, 2002;Kornelsen and Stroman, 2004;Li et al, 2005;Madi et al, 2001;Maieron et al, 2007;Moffitt et al, 2005;Ng et al, 2006;Stracke et al, 2005;Stroman and Ryner, 2001;Stroman et al, , 2002aStroman et al, , 2003aStroman et al, , 2005aYoshizawa et al, 1996] and in patients with spinal cord injury [Kornelsen and Stroman, 2007;Stroman et al, 2002bStroman et al, , 2004.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several spinal cord fMRI studies have examined the regional distribution of cord activity during movements of the upper [Govers et al, 2007;Madi et al, 2001;Maieron et al, 2007;Ng et al, 2006;Yoshizawa et al, 1996] and lower limbs as well as following thermal and painful stimulation of different dermatomes [Moffitt et al, 2005;Stroman et al, 2002aStroman et al, ,b, 2004Stroman et al, , 2005a in healthy subjects, but only a few studies have investigated cord recruitment following a tactile stimulation [Stracke et al, 2005;Stroman et al, 2002a]. The advantages of tactile stimuli for spinal cord fMRI experiments is at least twofold.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tactile‐associated fMRI recruitment of the cervical cord in healthy subjects

Valsasina

Caputo

Rocca

et al. 2007

Human Brain Mapping

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Using spinal cord functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 12 right-handed healthy subjects were scanned during a tactile stimulation of the palm of the right hand. The task-related mean signal change was computed for all activated voxels within the cervical cord, and separately, in the four cord quadrants (right and left anterior, right and left posterior) from C5 to C8. The frequency of fMRI activity at each cord level was obtained by assigning a score of 25% at each active quadrant and by averaging the percentage of active quadrants at each level of all subjects. The difference in the occurrence of fMRI activity (a) in right versus left, and anterior versus posterior cord, and (b) among the different cord levels, was evaluated using a random effect logistic regression model, with the frequency of fMRI activity as the dependent variable and the subject as the grouping factor. The taskrelated mean signal change of all activated voxels of the cord was 3.2% (SD 5 0.8%). During the tactile stimulation, subjects showed a higher occurrence of fMRI cord activity in the right than in the left cervical cord (odds ratio 5 2.25, 95% confidence interval 5 1.31-3.87, P 5 0.003). A significant heterogeneity in frequency of fMRI activity between cord levels was also observed (P < 0.001), with the highest frequencies of fMRI activity detected at C6 and C7. Spinal cord fMRI enables to obtain reliable physiological information on the activity of human spinal circuits associated to tactile stimulation. This holds significant promise for a better planning and conduct of studies of people with diseased spinal cords.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Tactile‐associated fMRI recruitment of the cervical cord in healthy subjects

Valsasina

Caputo

Rocca

et al. 2007

Human Brain Mapping

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“…While the first reports of spinal fMRI appeared in the late 1990s (human imaging: Stroman et al, 1999;Yoshizawa et al, 1996;animal imaging: Pórszász et al, 1997), the field is still relatively small -there are currently about 100 published reports in humans and less than 50 in animals on spinal imaging with fMRI. In this review we will solely focus on the human spinal imaging literature, although exciting advances have been made with regard to spinal imaging in rats (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Denoising spinal cord fMRI data: Approaches to acquisition and analysis

et al. 2017

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General rightsThis document is made available in accordance with publisher policies. Please cite only the published version using the reference above. AbstractFunctional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of the human spinal cord is a difficult endeavour due to the cord's small cross-sectional diameter, signal drop-out as well as image distortion due to magnetic field inhomogeneity, and the confounding influence of physiological noise from cardiac and respiratory sources. Nevertheless, there is great interest in spinal fMRI due to the spinal cord's role as the principal sensorimotor interface between the brain and the body and its involvement in a variety of sensory and motor pathologies. In this review, we give an overview of the various methods that have been used to address the technical challenges in spinal fMRI, with a focus on reducing the impact of physiological noise. We start out by describing acquisition methods that have been tailored to the special needs of spinal cord fMRI and aim to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and reduce distortion in obtained images. Following this, we concentrate on image processing and analysis approaches that address the detrimental effects of noise. While these include variations of standard pre-processing methods such as motion correction and spatial filtering, the main focus lies on denoising techniques that can be applied to taskbased as well as resting-state data sets. We review both model-based approaches that rely on externally acquired respiratory and cardiac signals as well as data-driven approaches that estimate and correct for noise using the data themselves. We conclude with an outlook on techniques that have been successfully applied for noise reduction in brain imaging and whose use might be beneficial for fMRI of the human spinal cord.3

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“…A small number of studies have also employed the BOLD effect to detect activity in the brain stem 5,6 or spinal cord. [7][8][9][10][11] However, most published fMRI studies in the spinal cord (spinal fMRI) have employed SEEP, [12][13][14][15] with neuronal activity being detected based on changes in tissue water content. By accommodating the small-diameter structures, proton attenuation weighted spin-echo imaging methods can provide high quality images of the brain stem and spinal cord.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%