Fruiting phenology and consumption by birds in Ficus calyptroceras (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae)

Ragusa-Netto, J.

doi:10.1590/s1519-69842002000200018

Cited by 33 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 22 publications

(31 reference statements)

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“…In spite of this phenophase occur throughout the year, we observed periods of higher syconia production in F. adhatodifolia, as previously reported in other studies on Ficus (Milton et al, 1982;Windsor et al, 1989;Lambert and Marshall, 1991;Spencer et al, 1996;Ragusa-Netto, 2002;Pereira et al, 2007). The population asynchrony would be required for maintenance of the pollinating wasps population (Smith and Bronstein, 1996) while periods of increased production could be related to best time for dispersal and/or seed germination (Milton et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 84%

“…Among them, we highlight the fig tree (Ficus spp. ), that are a remarkable food resource for frugivores, mainly in periods of fruit scarcity, as has been highlighted in several studies in various parts of the world (Terborgh, 1986;Lambert and Marshall, 1991;Shanahan et al, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2002, 2007Tello, 2003). However, another authors found different results in their studies and not confirmed the key role of these species (Gautier-Hion and Michaloud, 1989;Kattan and Valenzuela, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Phenology of two Ficus species in seasonal semi-deciduous forest in Southern Brazil

et al. 2015

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We analyzed the phenology of Ficus adhatodifolia Schott ex Spreng. (23 fig tree) and F. eximia Schott (12 fig tree) for 74 months in a remnant of seasonal semi-deciduous forest (23°27'S and 51°15'W), Southern Brazil and discussed their importance to frugivorous. Leaf drop, leaf flush, syconia production and dispersal were recorded. These phenophases occurred year-round, but seasonal peaks were recorded in both leaf phenophases for F. eximia and leaf flushing for F. adhatodifolia. Climatic variables analyzed were positively correlated with reproductive phenophases of F. adhatodifolia and negatively correlated with the vegetative phenophases of F. eximia. In despite of environmental seasonality, little seasonality in the phenology of two species was observed, especially in the reproductive phenology. Both species were important to frugivorous, but F. adhatodifolia can play a relevant role in the remnant. Keywords

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“…Toco toucans extensively consumed three species (Genipa americana, Cecropia pachystachya and Ficus luschnatiana), which bore a very large fruit crop but displayed different phenological patterns. Ficus luschnatiana, as other fig species, fruited asynchronously (Milton, et al, 1982;Ragusa-Netto, 2002), while C. pachystachya bore fruits two or three times per year, and G. americana synchronously produced a large fruit crop that gradually matured from the middle to the end of the dry season. These resources were available simultaneously only during the dry season, when Toco toucans forage mostly in the gallery forest.…”

Section: Toco Toucan Food Resources Use and Abundancementioning

confidence: 99%

Abundance and frugivory of the toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) in a gallery forest in Brazil's Southern Pantanal

Ragusa-Netto¹

2006

Braz. J. Biol.

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Unlike other toucan species, the Toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) -the largest Ramphastidae -usually inhabits dry semi-open areas. This conspicuous canopy frugivore uses a large home range that includes a variety of vegetation types, among which gallery forests are widely cited as important to this species. However, the factors relating to the occurrence of Toco toucans in such habitats are unclear. I studied the abundance of Toco toucans as well as the availability of fleshy fruit in a gallery forest in the southern Pantanal (sub-region of Miranda, Brazil), in order to assess the relationship between these parameters. Also, I examined toucan foraging activity to analyze its relationship with both toucan abundance and fruit availability. The presence of the Toco toucan was more common in the gallery forest from the middle to the end of the dry season and during the middle of the wet season. Toucans foraged for fleshy fruits, mainly Genipa americana, Ficus luschnatiana, and Cecropia pachystachya fruits, feeding mostly on G. americana (by far the favorite food resource) and F. luschnatiana fruits during the dry season, while C. pachystachya fruits were important in the wet season. Toco toucans foraged particularly heavily (> 80% of foraging activity) on G. americana fruits during the latter part of the dry season, when fleshy fruit availability declined sharply. Toco toucan abundance in the gallery forest was associated with the availability of the most commonly consumed fleshy fruits, and also with its foraging activity. This finding suggests that the Toco toucan moved to the gallery forest periodically in response to the availability of abundant food resources, especially the G. americana fruits widely available and exploited during the severely dry season. Therefore, these fruits potentially contribute to Toco toucan persistence in the South Pantanal during the harshest period of the year.Keywords: Ramphastidae, Ramphastos toco, phenology, gallery forest, frugivory, migration. RESUMO Abundância e exploração de frutos por tucano toco (Ramphastos toco) em uma mata ciliar no Pantanal SulDentre as espécies de tucanos, a maior delas, tucano toco (Ramphastos toco), é singular, uma vez que é muito comum em ambientes semi-abertos e/ou com manchas de florestas. As matas ciliares são citadas como ambientes em que essa espécie é comum. No entanto, os fatores relacionados com a ocorrência de R. toco, nesse tipo de vegetação, são desconhecidos. Estudei a abundância do tucano toco na mata ciliar do rio Miranda (Pantanal Sul), bem como a oferta de frutos carnosos, com o propósito de avaliar as relações entre esses parâmetros. Também examinei a exploração de frutos para avaliar as relações com a sua disponibilidade, bem como com a ocorrência do tucano toco na mata ciliar. Esse tucano foi mais comum de meados para o final da estação seca e em meados da estação chuvosa.

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“…The substantial use of figs by P. molinae clarify the importance of this abundant and aseasonal resource in the highly seasonal forests of western Brazil. Unfortunately these habitats are undergoing a severe deforestation process, hence, further conservation plans may consider fig rich dry forests for the maintenance of large populations of P. molinae and other frugivorous birds as well (Ragusa-Netto, 2002b). …”

Section: Pyrrhura Molinae Food Resources Usementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, they exhibit a flexible diet, which may include diverse food items ranging from nectar to seeds (Roth, 1984;Pizo et al, 1995;Galetti, 1997;Ragusa-Netto, 2004;Ragusa-Netto and Fecchio, 2006). Therefore, they may play such ecological roles as seed predators (Janzen, 1981;Francisco et al, 2002;Ragusa-Netto, 2002b), and pollinators of tree species (Vicentini and Fischer, 1999;Coton, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2002a), although parakeets often exploit nectar, destructively damaging much of the flower crops. Hence, they potentially also act as pre-dispersal seed predators by reducing the fruit set (Cotton, 2001;Ragusa-Netto, 2002a, 2005.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding ecology of the Green-cheeked parakeet (Pyrrhura molinae) in dry forests in western Brazil

Ragusa-Netto

2007

Braz. J. Biol.

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The genus Pyrrhura includes small to medium-sized parakeets, which inhabit both low and dry alongside tall rainforests, mainly in South America. Pyrrhura molinae is still common, year round, in the markedly seasonal forests of western Brazil. This parakeet, as well as most Neotropical parrots, continues to be poorly understood. Hence, in the present study I examined their foraging ecology both in a highly deciduous and in a semi-deciduous forest in western Brazil. In addition, I assessed the relationship between food resource production (flowers and fruits), and the diet of this parakeet. Pyrrhura molinae exhibited a flexible diet consisting of 16 tree species, from which it consumed flowers (three species), seeds (three species), fruit pulp or aril (four species), and both pulp and seeds (six species). Parakeets consumed a wide array of fleshy fruits in the semi-deciduous forest, especially Cecropia pachystachya catkins. Conversely, in the highly deciduous forest they extensively foraged for figs (70% of the diet), in addition to nectar and seeds from dry fruits. Ficus calyptroceras, besides being abundant, bore fruits year round, and was substantially used by parakeets every month. Potentially, by exploiting a diverse set of plant food resources, and particularly due to the substantial use of figs, asynchronously produced, Pyrrhura molinae persists during the long dry season in the markedly seasonal forests of western Brazil.Keywords: Pyrrhura molinae, Psittacidae, parrots, dry forests, canopy phenology.Ecologia alimentar da Tiriba-de-cara-suja (Pyrrhura molinae) em matas secas do oeste brasileiro ResumoO gênero Pyrrhura é constituido de pequenos periquitos comuns tanto em matas secas quanto úmidas, sobretudo da América do Sul. Pyrrhura molinae ocorre durante o ano todo em florestas altamente sazonais do oeste brasileiro. Essa espécie, bem como a maioria dos psitacídeo, permanece pouco conhecida. Portanto, nesse estudo, foi examinada a ecologia alimentar de P. molinae em dois tipos de florestas secas (altamente decídua e semidecídua), do oeste brasileiro, bem como as relações entre a produção de flores frutos e a utilização desses recursos. Pyrrhura molinae exibiu uma dieta flexível em que utilizou recursos de 16 espécies arbóreas, sendo flores de três, sementes de outras três, a polpa dos frutos ou arilo de quatro espécies e, simultaneamente, a polpa e semente de seis espécies. Os periquitos consumiram principalmente frutos carnosos na floresta semidecídua, especialmente as infrutescências de Cecropia pachystachya. Por outro lado, na floresta altamente decídua, figos predominaram na dieta (70% dos registros de alimentação), somados ao néctar e sementes de frutos secos. Ficus calyptroceras, além de abundante produziu frutos o ano todo, que foram consumidos substancialmente pelos periquitos mês a mês. Presumivelmente, por explorar uma ampla variedade de recursos vegetais e subsistir, em grande parte, a base de figos produzidos assincronicamente, Pyrrhura molinae persiste à severa estação seca nas matas ...

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Fruiting phenology and consumption by birds in Ficus calyptroceras (Miq.) Miq. (Moraceae)

Cited by 33 publications

References 22 publications

Phenology of two Ficus species in seasonal semi-deciduous forest in Southern Brazil

Abundance and frugivory of the toco toucan (Ramphastos toco) in a gallery forest in Brazil's Southern Pantanal

Feeding ecology of the Green-cheeked parakeet (Pyrrhura molinae) in dry forests in western Brazil

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