From International to World Society?

Abstract

In this 2004 book, Barry Buzan offers an extensive critique and reappraisal of the English school approach to International Relations. Starting on the neglected concept of world society and bringing together the international society tradition and the Wendtian mode of constructivism, Buzan offers a new theoretical framework that can be used to address globalisation as a complex political interplay among state and non-state actors. This approach forces English school theory to confront neglected questions about both its basic concepts and assumptions, and about the constitution of society in terms of what values are shared, how and why they are shared, and by whom. Buzan highlights the idea of primary institutions as the central contribution of English school theory and shows how this both differentiates English school theory from realism and neoliberal institutionalism, and how it can be used to generate distinctive comparative and historical accounts of international society.

Modelo de crecimiento económico y gasto público focalizado en seguridad: enfoque desde la estrategia militar en Colombia (2002-2009)

“…Applying natural logarithms to the result of the first order constraints for (6.1), in this case corresponding to equation (7), (7) Now, this expression is the derivative with respect to time, The consumption growth rate is equal to the capital growth and the stationary state rate; thus, the government budgetary restriction in function of the tax rate must grow to meet the private and public goods investment rate, leading to infer that the economy's growth depends on the supply of public and private goods; accordingly, the mathematical expression is, (8) Revista Científica General José María Córdova. Revista colombiana sobre investigación en el campo militar Therefore, the tax rate is equal to, (9) Consequently, equation (9) is replaced in (7.4) resulting in the solution to the model, exhibiting that consumption growth depends on risk averse parameters, tax rate, capital elasticity, depreciation, and discount rate.…”

“…The Uribe's government in 2008 announced the increase of the program 'Familias en Acción' by a 100% 7 . Additionally, exhibited in Echeverry (2009) 8 , social policy must be constrained, otherwise, it would initiate a poverty trap as supported by Bhagwati (1988, p. 542), which signals that a successful social program must have constraints such as time, and not be utilized as means to remain in power. The program 'Familias en Acción' covers up to four children per family promoting high procreation rates in women between 16 and 25 years of age due to the ability to apply and be granted the benefits of the program.…”

Cultural Diplomacy in ASEAN: Collaborative Efforts

“…Yet, it doesn"t discourage this region to push forward for a breakthrough achievement of its almost 5 decades of ASEAN history. A goal to achieve a community presupposes an emergence of shared regional identity and the first step to create this sense of we-feeling depends on the perception of public towards the regional identity [15]. After all, the integration that ASEAN seeks is resting on a people-centered ASEAN.…”

Structure, norms and normative theory in a re-defined English School: accepting Buzan's challenge

“…59 Buzan makes the point that pluralist (in the sense of coexistence focused, institutionally thin) inter-human and transnational sectors of international or world societies (in his sense of international society as unequally balanced between a dominant inter-state and weaker inter-human and transnational sectors, with an even balance characterising world society) are empirically more likely than solidarist ones, and that solidarism is more likely to be a feature of the inter-state domain because of the greatly reduced number of actors involved and their inherent agreement on certain things because of the need for mutual recognition of their authoritative status. 60 He allows for the development of the inter-state sector to extend all the way up to the point at which states create some kind of over-arching authority and we leave an anarchically structured political system behind us. A Kantian confederation remains an inter-state society, and thus one of the key normative ambitions for traditional solidarism is encompassed within this arena.…”

“…62 A global, or even regional, inter-human sector that was normatively solidarist would mark a major achievement and Buzan is keen to acknowledge the potential for such development through his emphasis on the significance of the EU as a potential regional world society. 63 However, despite the development of human rights as an institution, the mode of acceptance of this normative proposition is highly variable. Limited degrees of internalisation combine with calculation and coercion to explain some actors' adherence to the discourse of human rights.…”