From Functional to Microvascular Abnormalities in Early Diabetic Retinopathy

Nonproliferative retinopathy in diabetes type 2. Initial stages and characterization of phenotypes

“…Reports of electroretinographic changes in diabetic patients with demonstrable vascular lesions date back to the 1960s and have been confirmed by several authors (Ghirlanda et al, 1997) who found the electroretinographic abnormalities to originate in the ganglion and inner nuclear layers. Studies mostly performed in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats have identified changes in the neuroglial elements of the inner twothirds of the retina.…”

Cytoskeletal components enhance the autophosphorylation of retinal insulin receptor

“…A growing body of evidence suggests that the neural retina undergoes significant deterioration early in the course of diabetes [36;37]. In humans, this evidence includes altered electroretinograms, diminished color vision, and contrast sensitivity before the clinical diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy [36;37].…”

“…In humans, this evidence includes altered electroretinograms, diminished color vision, and contrast sensitivity before the clinical diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy [36;37]. The apoptotic death of photoreceptors in diabetic animal models has been demonstrated [38], and photoreceptor changes have been reported in patients with diabetic retinopathy [39].…”

Effect of Nafamostat on <i>N</i>-Methyl-<small>D</small>-aspartate-Induced Retinal Neuronal and Capillary Degeneration in Rats

“…1) Evidence indicates that pathological changes in retinal circulation could contribute to the progression of retinal diseases, including diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. [16][17][18][19][20] Therefore, neuro/vascular protective interventions are a potential strategy for preventing progression of such retinal diseases. The present study demonstrates that nafamostat mesilate, a serine protease inhibitor, significantly prevents the degeneration of both the neuronal and vascular components in NMDA-treated retinas.…”