From broadleaves to spruce – the borealization of southern Sweden

Lindbladh, Matts; Axelsson, Anna‐Lena; Hultberg, Tove; Brunet, Jörg; Felton, Adam

doi:10.1080/02827581.2014.960893

Cited by 75 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The loss, alteration, and fragmentation of grasslands in Kristianstad, one of Sweden's most prized grassland areas, are consistent with other findings of grassland degradation in Southern Sweden. The long development history of intensive forestry and agriculture in southern Sweden has reduced the quantity and quality of several grassland types including lowland wet grasslands [47], cultural wooded grasslands [42,43,48,49], and dry xeric and calcareous grasslands [46]. However, this is not limited to Sweden with similar declines found for the alvar grasslands of Estonia: −72% from 1930 to 2008 [50,51].…”

Section: Reduced Functionality Of Semi-natural Grasslands As a Green mentioning

confidence: 94%

Defining Benchmarks for Restoration of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study Combining the Historical Range of Variability of Habitat and Species’ Requirements

Manton

Angelstam

2018

Sustainability

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Animal husbandry in Europe that sustained once wide-spread semi-natural grasslands has been replaced by maximum sustained yield agriculture and forestry. This transformation coincides with declining populations of species dependent on semi-natural grasslands. A key task is therefore to define benchmarks for landscape restoration in terms of well-planned functional habitat networks, i.e., green infrastructure. Using a representative example of the European landscape gradient between agricultural and forest landscapes in southern Sweden as a case study, we analyzed the historic range of variability of the total area, quality, and size of grassland patches, and compared this to the requirements of focal grassland species. Spatial data covering the past two centuries indicated a 75-80% loss of total grassland area. Three factors affected the functionality of grasslands as green infrastructure. First, during the period 1927-1976, the loss of all grassland areas with high nature values was 41-59%. Second, as a measure of alteration, the number of semi-natural grassland types declined from 5 to 1. Third, to address habitat fragmentation, an analysis of changes in grassland patch size showed that patches sufficiently large to support local populations of complete focal grasslands species assemblages declined by 89-100%. The cumulative effect of loss, alteration, and fragmentation over the past two centuries indicates that the functionality of semi-natural grasslands has declined by at least 98%. However, this estimate does not consider land use changes before 1800, reduced connectivity, and altered biotic and abiotic processes in both semi-natural grasslands and the surrounding matrix. We stress the need to define the historic range of variability as a benchmark in relation to species' requirements to maintain semi-natural grasslands as green infrastructure. Finally, integrated land management and governance that support multi-functionality of grasslands is needed.

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Section: Reduced Functionality Of Semi-natural Grasslands As a Green mentioning

confidence: 94%

Defining Benchmarks for Restoration of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study Combining the Historical Range of Variability of Habitat and Species’ Requirements

Manton

Angelstam

2018

Sustainability

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“…This model of forest management dominates the structure and dynamics of forested landscapes in much of northern Europe (Kuuluvainen 2009). Over the last hundred years, clear-cutting and other anthropogenic forms of land-use change have dramatically altered tree species composition in Sweden, largely to the detriment of broadleaf and mixed forest cover (Edenius et al 2002;Lindbladh et al 2014). Norway spruce (Picea abies) has benefited most from such changes, to the extent that in southern Sweden, spruce-dominated production stands now comprise 40 % of forest area (Drössler 2010).…”

Section: The Swedish Context: Forest Management and Supplementary Feementioning

confidence: 99%

Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

et al. 2016

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People provide wild ungulates with large quantities of supplementary feed to improve their health and survival and reduce forest damage. Whereas supplementary feeding can positively affect the winter survival of ungulates and short-term hunting success, some of the feeds provided may actually reduce ungulate health and increase forest damage. Here, we highlight how recent advances in ungulate nutritional ecology can help explain why supplementary feeding can lead to undesirable outcomes. Using Europe's largest cervid, the moose (Alces alces), as a model species, and Sweden, as the socio-ecological context, we explain the concept of nutritional balancing and its relevance to supplementary feeding. Nutritional balancing refers to how animals alter their food intake to achieve a specific nutritional target balance in their diet, by selecting balanced food items or by combining items with nutritional compositions that are complimentary. As the most common supplementary feeds used contain higher concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates than the ungulates' normal winter diet, the consumption of such feeds may cause animals to increase their intake of woody browse, and thereby exacerbate forest damage. We also explain how animal health may be negatively affected by large intakes of such feed if complementary browse items are not available. We therefore suggest that the use of inappropriate feed is an additional means by which supplementary feeding may result in negative outcomes for hunters, forest owners, and wild animals.

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“…12 m 3 /ha to 66 m 3 /ha) increase in wood biomass between 1907 and 1989 (Ericsson et al 2000). Norway spruce became increasingly dominant from the early 20 th century (Lindbladh et al 2014), currently making up 40% of the forest standing volume (Swedish Forest Agency 2015). Today, Sweden is a forested country: 57% of the area is productive forest, 12% is unproductive forest and 6% is other wooded land (Swedish Forest Agency 2015).…”

Section: Biological Cultural Traces In Forestsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What is biological cultural heritage and why should we care about it? An example from Swedish rural landscapes and forests

Eriksson¹

2018

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Citation: What is biological cultural heritage and why should we care about it? An example from Swedish rural landscapes and forests. Nature Conservation 28: 1-32. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.28.25067 AbstractThere is currently a growing concern that biocultural heritage is threatened in many landscapes. This paper focuses on biological cultural heritage, broadly meaning biological cultural traces that are considered as heritage, but leaving out other aspects of the biocultural heritage concept. An operational definition of biological cultural heritage (BCH) is suggested, based on niche construction theory: "biological manifestations of culture, reflecting indirect or intentional effects, or domesticated landscapes, resulting from historical human niche construction". Some factors that influence recognition of BCH are discussed, using a comparison between Swedish open to semi-open vs. forested landscapes. While the former landscapes are generally associated with biological cultural values, BCH is generally over-looked in forests. Two main reasons for this are suggested: loss of cultural memory and a perception of forests as wilderness. A conclusion is that recognition of BCH is essential for guiding development of biological conservation programmes in forests, irrespective of whether the conservation goal is to focus on culturally impacted forests or to conserve what is considered as close to pristine forests. Furthermore, recognising BCH in forests will promote interest and learning of the history of forests and their values and will be informative for developing conservation programmes for all biota in forests, not only those that historically were favoured by culture. Hence, there is no inherent conflict between preserving relatively untouched forests and those with remaining traces of pre-industrial forest management. The recognition of BCH in forests will inspire and promote further integration of cultural and natural heritage research. Keywords REVIEW ARTICLE Launched to accelerate biodiversity conservation A peer-reviewed open-access journalOve Eriksson / Nature Conservation 28: 1-32 (2018) 2

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From broadleaves to spruce – the borealization of southern Sweden

Cited by 75 publications

References 35 publications

Defining Benchmarks for Restoration of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study Combining the Historical Range of Variability of Habitat and Species’ Requirements

Defining Benchmarks for Restoration of Green Infrastructure: A Case Study Combining the Historical Range of Variability of Habitat and Species’ Requirements

Interactions between ungulates, forests, and supplementary feeding: the role of nutritional balancing in determining outcomes

What is biological cultural heritage and why should we care about it? An example from Swedish rural landscapes and forests

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