From beams to glass: determining compositions to study provenance and production techniques

Vilarigues, Márcia; Coutinho, Inês; Medici, Teresa; Alves, L.C.; Gratuze, Bernard; Machado, Andreia

doi:10.1515/psr-2018-0019

Cited by 10 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The chemical composition was obtained on 110 glasses from the ten panels by ion-beam analytical (IBA) methods, which allows the characterization of a large set of 35 major and trace chemical elements in a single acquisition. (Calligaro, 2008;Fleming and Swann, 1987;Hunault et al, 2017a;Kuisma-Kursula, 2000;Van Wersch et al, 2016;Vilarigues et al, 2019;Vilarigues and da Silva, 2004) The colors of the five panels of windows 111 and 113 were also investigated by optical absorption spectroscopy using a portable optical spectrometer developed for contactless measurements (Hunault et al, 2016b). The glasses were studied after their restoration, thus allowing the reduction of the effect of surface deposit on the measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirteenth-century stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris: An insight into medieval glazing work practices

Hunault

Bauchau

Boulanger

et al. 2021

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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The restoration of the four northern windows of the 13th century Sainte-Chapelle in Paris from 2011 to 2014 has offered a unique opportunity to investigate the chemical composition and color of medieval glasses. This impressive corpus, covering a total surface of 660m 2 , was created in a record time of a few years. The glasses from ten selected panels were analyzed using non-destructive and non-invasive techniques, with a specific consideration for the color of the glasses. Ion beam analyses performed at the New AGLAE facility enabled revealing that all ancient glasses are potash type glasses made from plant ashes, likely beech, in agreement with previous results on off-site panels. The multivariate analysis of major and minor elements demonstrates the presence of compositional clusters with a small variability suggesting the identification of bundles of glasses. The coloration of the glasses was measured by optical absorption spectroscopy, using a mobile spectrophotometer over the entire UV-visible-NIR energy range. The color palette is made of six colors assigned to typical medieval recipes. The chromophores of the different glasses are identified by combining the chemical composition, optical absorption spectroscopy and colorimetry. Colorless, yellow and purple glasses arise from the subtle redox equilibrium between manganese and iron. Their reduced usage shows their uncertain production. Blue glasses are colored by Co 2+ using saffre from the contemporary German mines, green glasses are colored by Cu 2+ and Fe 3+ using high concentrations of copper and red glasses are striated glass colored by metallic copper nanoparticles. Glass matrix and chromophores form compositional clusters, which are spread among the panels of the four windows suggesting that the glazing of these four windows was run simultaneously by the same atelier using the same supply of glass.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thirteenth-century stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris: An insight into medieval glazing work practices

Hunault

Bauchau

Boulanger

et al. 2021

Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports

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“…The use of copper alone is not so common; nevertheless, it is possible to find some examples between the 13th and 15th centuries described in Bettembourg 1991 31 and Cílová et al 2015 32 that can be compared with the T, P, and K3 recipes. Concerning the use of earth and ochres, as in the B2 recipe, it was also possible to find similar compositions in historical samples from the 19th and 20th centuries, with the appearance of manganese and other elements 2,9,33,34 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Grisailles: Reconstruction and characterization of historical recipes

Vilarigues

Machado

et al. 2020

Int J of Appl Glass Sci

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This study aims to contribute to the rediscovery of old technologies in the art of stained‐glass painting with grisaille, a dark color paint, used to create contours and shadows, produced by mixing ground lead‐based glass with coloring agents such as iron and copper. The reproduction of selected recipes belonging to five different treatises, dated from the 10th to the 19th century was designed to study the evolution of the composition and production technology of this historical paint and the repercussions of this development on the thermal compatibility of the grisailles with the glass substrates.The results indicate that the raw materials and the production methods remained roughly the same throughout the centuries. However, the chemical composition of the lead‐based glass and the source of colorants (burned metals were replaced by ochre's and earths in the 19th century) did change. These modifications impacted on the morphology of the grisailles paint layers towards a greater homogeneity. The results also reveal low thermal compatibility between these two materials, associated with both the composition and the morphology of the grisaille.

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“…The samples were also coated with a thin carbon layer in order to prevent sample beam-charging, and consequently, X-ray spectra degradation. Operation and basic data manipulation, including elemental distribution mapping, was achieved through the OMDAQ software code (version 5.1, Oxford Microbeams, Oxford, UK), and quantitative analysis with the GUPIX program (version 2.1.4, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontário, Canada) [35]. The results are expressed in weight percentage of oxides and were normalised to 100%.…”

Section: µ-Pixementioning

confidence: 99%

Calle Horno del Vidrio—Preliminary Study of Glass Production Remains Found in Granada, Spain, Dated to the 16th and 17th Centuries

Coutinho¹,

Campaña²,

Alves

et al. 2021

Minerals

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A set of 14 glass fragments and production remains dated to the 16th and 17th centuries was collected during rescue archaeological works conducted in Granada, Spain, and was characterised by µ-PIXE. This preliminary study constitutes the first analytical approach to glass manufacturing remains from a Spanish production dated to the early-modern period. µ-PIXE allowed for the quantification of major, minor and some trace elements of the glass fragments. It also allowed mapping the elemental distribution on the fragments that were identified as an interface of crucible/glass. This analysis constitutes an evaluation of the ionic exchange between glass and crucible. The glass colours vary from the natural green and blue hues to completely colourless samples. The results show that the majority of the glass samples are of soda-lime-silicate composition, and only one proved to be of a potassium-rich composition. From this, one can hypothesise that glass rich in sodium (following the Mediterranean tradition) and potassium-rich glass (following a central and north European tradition) were both locally produced. Since this location was known as la Calle Horno del Vidrio (Glass Furnace Street) and several production evidences were found, it is highly probable that an artisanal glass production existed in this area.

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From beams to glass: determining compositions to study provenance and production techniques

Cited by 10 publications

References 34 publications

Thirteenth-century stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris: An insight into medieval glazing work practices

Thirteenth-century stained glass windows of the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris: An insight into medieval glazing work practices

Grisailles: Reconstruction and characterization of historical recipes

Calle Horno del Vidrio—Preliminary Study of Glass Production Remains Found in Granada, Spain, Dated to the 16th and 17th Centuries

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