Friction on Ice: How Temperature, Pressure, and Speed Control the Slipperiness of Ice

Liefferink, Rinse W.; Hsia, Feng-Chun; Weber, Bart; Bonn, Daniel

doi:10.1103/physrevx.11.011025

Cited by 22 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…The existing ice and snow friction studies provide different approaches to surface texture measurements and analyses. The most common are non-contact profilometry (Bäurle et al, 2007;Kietzig et al, 2009;Kietzig et al, 2010b;Rohm et al, 2015;Scherge et al, 2018;Ripamonti et al, 2020;Liefferink et al, 2021), contact profilometry (Sukhorukov and Marchenko, 2014;Jansons et al, 2016;Spagni et al, 2016), scanning electron microscopy, SEM (Ducret et al, 2005;Bäurle et al, 2007;Kietzig et al, 2009;Kietzig et al, 2011;Ling et al, 2016;Ripamonti et al, 2020), optical microscopy (Rohm et al, 2015;Ling et al, 2016) and atomic force microscopy, AFM (Scherge et al, 2013). All these methods provide useful information about the surface topography, for example, SEM provides a high depth-of-field image of small surface details, such as asperity tips, scratch mark pileups, laser-texturing quality, surface polishing, etc.…”

Section: Literature Review Previously Used Surface Texture Measurement Methods In the Field Of Ice Tribologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a general agreement among scientists that the topography of sliding body and ice play a significant role in the ice friction process (Ducret et al, 2005;Bäurle et al, 2007;Kietzig et al, 2009;Kietzig et al, 2010b;Sukhorukov and Marchenko, 2014;Rohm et al, 2015;Spagni et al, 2016;Liefferink et al, 2021). This was already described in different experimental studies (Ducret et al, 2005;Rohm et al, 2015;Jansons et al, 2016;Spagni et al, 2016;Jansons et al, 2018;Liefferink et al, 2021). However, it is still not clear how the surface topography influences the ice friction process, especially if different loads are applied.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…In some studies, only 2D profile data are used (Kietzig et al, 2010a;Sukhorukov and Marchenko, 2014;Scherge et al, 2018), but in most of the research 3D surface measurements or combination of both are considered (Bäurle et al, 2007;Rohm et al, 2015;Jansons et al, 2016;Spagni et al, 2016;Lungevics et al, 2018;Scherge et al, 2018;Ripamonti et al, 2020;Liefferink et al, 2021). The problem with 2D profile measurements is that 2D profiles often provide misleading information about the surface texture, especially when anisotropic surfaces are used.…”

Section: Roughness Analysis Of Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its thickness is still largely unknown even for static systems, while for dynamic systems it is additionally influenced by the motion dynamics and sliding surface texture and thus even more difficult to estimate. Despite the mentioned obstacles, effective experimental work with various types of laboratory equipment has already been performed over a wide range of sliding velocities (Bäurle et al, 2007;Rohm et al, 2015;Hasler et al, 2016;Scherge et al, 2018;Ripamonti et al, 2020;Liefferink et al, 2021), as well as variations applied loads (Scherge et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Holistic Approach Towards Surface Topography Analyses for Ice Tribology Applications

et al. 2021

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A surface texture can be subdivided into three categories based on the magnitude of its wavelengths, i.e., macro-geometrical form, waviness, and roughness (from largest to smallest). Together, these components define how a surface will interact with the opposing surface. In most ice tribology studies, <2% of the entire sample surface is topographically analyzed. Although such a small percentage of the entire surface area generally provides statistically relevant information, the missing information about the texture complexity on a larger scale might reduce the possibility of accurately explaining the resulting tribological behavior. The purpose of this study was to review the existing surface measurement methods related to ice tribology and to present a holistic approach towards surface topography measurements for ice tribology applications. With the holistic surface measurement approach, the entire sample surfaces are scanned, and the measured data is analyzed on different magnitude levels. The discussed approach was applied to sandblasted steel samples which were afterward tested on two different ice tribometers. The experimental results showed that additional information about the sample surface topography enabled a better understanding of the ice friction mechanisms and allowed for a more straightforward correlation between the sample surface topography and its ice friction response.

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Section: Literature Review Previously Used Surface Texture Measurement Methods In the Field Of Ice Tribologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Roughness Analysis Of Previous Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

A Holistic Approach Towards Surface Topography Analyses for Ice Tribology Applications

et al. 2021

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“…This ploughing term accounted for their measured rise of friction near 0°C. Liefferink et al (2021), expanding on Weber et al (2018), clarified the role of ice deformation on measured friction. Testing spheres of differing roughness and normal load, friction from ploughing became important above ∼ −20°C as contact pressures, including from increased roughness, exceeded measured hardness.…”

Section: Quasi-liquid Layer Role In Ice Frictionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Mechanisms Thought to Govern Ice and Snow Friction and Their Interplay With Substrate Brittle Behavior

et al. 2021

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Sliding friction on ice and snow is characteristically low at temperatures common on Earth’s surface. This slipperiness underlies efficient sleds, winter sports, and the need for specialized tires. Friction can also play a micro-mechanical role affecting ice compressive and crushing strengths. Researchers have proposed several mechanisms thought to govern ice and snow friction, but directly validating the underlying mechanics has been difficult. This may be changing, as instruments capable of micro-scale measurements and imaging are now being brought to bear on friction studies. Nevertheless, given the broad regimes of practical interest (interaction length, temperature, speed, pressure, slider properties, etc.), it may be unrealistic to expect that a single mechanism accounts for why ice and snow are slippery. Because bulk ice, and the ice grains that constitute snow, are solids near their melting point at terrestrial temperatures, most research has focused on whether a lubricating water film forms at the interface with a slider. However, ice is extremely brittle, and dry-contact abrasion and wear at the front of sliders could prevent or delay a transition to lubricated contact. Also, water is a poor lubricant, and lubricating films thick enough to separate surface asperities may not form for many systems of interest. This article aims to assess our knowledge of the mechanics underlying ice and snow friction. We begin with a brief summary of the mechanical behavior of ice and snow substrates, behavior which perhaps has not received sufficient attention in friction studies. We then assess the strengths and weaknesses of five ice- and snow-friction hypotheses: pressure-melting, self-lubrication, quasi-liquid layers, abrasion, and ice-rich slurries. We discuss their assumptions and review evidence to determine whether they are consistent with the postulated mechanics. Lastly, we identify key issues that warrant additional research to resolve the specific mechanics and the transitions between them that control ice and snow friction across regimes of practical interest.

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Nonlinear model of ice surface softening during sliding taking into account spatial inhomogeneity of strain, stress and temperature

Khomenko,

Lohvynenko,

Khomenko

et al. 2024

Arch Appl Mech

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Friction on Ice: How Temperature, Pressure, and Speed Control the Slipperiness of Ice

Cited by 22 publications

References 44 publications

A Holistic Approach Towards Surface Topography Analyses for Ice Tribology Applications

A Holistic Approach Towards Surface Topography Analyses for Ice Tribology Applications

Assessing the Mechanisms Thought to Govern Ice and Snow Friction and Their Interplay With Substrate Brittle Behavior

Nonlinear model of ice surface softening during sliding taking into account spatial inhomogeneity of strain, stress and temperature

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