Freshwater Availability and Water Fetching Distance Affect Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

Pickering, Amy J.; Davis, Jennifer

doi:10.1021/es203177v

Cited by 215 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…A recent multi-country study found differences in water quality by water source type (Evans et al, 2013), but included studies reported little data on water quality by source type. Few studies analyzed distance to source in this review, which has been associated with child diarrhea, height, weight, and weight-for-age outcomes (Pickering and Davis, 2012). Meta-analyses have found that shorter distance to water source is associated with lower risk of diarrheal disease (Wang and Hunter, 2010) but not trachoma ; however, the trachoma meta-analysis contained many low-quality studies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…27 Analyses of DHS data have suggested increased distance to water source is associated with negative childhood health outcomes including diarrhea. 28 Utilizing measures of both distance and time for a round-trip would provide the most complete assessment of water fetching burden.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between Distance to Water Source and Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008–2011

Nygren¹,

O’Reilly²,

Rajasingham³

et al. 2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. In the developing world, fetching water for drinking and other household uses is a substantial burden that affects water quantity and quality in the household. We used logistic regression to examine whether reported household water fetching times were a risk factor for moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) using case-control data of 3,359 households from the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya in 2009-2011. We collected additional global positioning system (GPS) data for a subset of 254 randomly selected households and compared GPS-based straight line and actual travel path distances to fetching times reported by respondents. GPS-based data were highly correlated with respondent-provided times (Spearman correlation coefficient = 0.81, P < 0.0001). The median estimated one-way distance to water source was 200 m for cases and 171 for controls (Wilcoxon rank sums/Mann-Whitney P = 0.21). A round-trip fetching time of > 30 minutes was reported by 25% of cases versus 15% of controls and was significantly associated with MSD where rainwater was not used in the last 2 weeks (odds ratio = 1.97, 95% confidence interval = 1.56-2.49). These data support the United Nations definition of access to an improved water source being within 30 minutes total round-trip travel time.

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“…Indeed, it is demonstrated that, when the plot is closer to the home (less than 500 m), generally women spend less time cultivating it and are more motivated. Some authors [68,69] showed also a strong connection between the distance of the water source from the household (and the related time dedicated to women and children to collect water) and its positive effects in terms of productivity, nutrition, health and general empowerment, especially if the water source (especially clean water) is located less than 1 km from the village.…”

Section: The Water Gender Indicatorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Gender Indicators in Agriculture: A Study of Horticultural Farmer Organizations in Senegal

Centrone

Mosso

Busato

et al. 2017

Water

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This paper intends to contribute to the debate on gender equality and water within the Sustainable Development Goals SDGs 5 and 6. Farmers organizations are often considered key stakeholders whose participation should be fostered to achieve a good water governance in agriculture and irrigation programs. Nonetheless, many water management interventions tackle participation as an instrumental and formal process. A common assumption is that granting sufficient space for women in water management will automatically ensure a greater gender empowerment. Nevertheless, often low importance is given to assessing who really actively participates and benefits from water development projects, favoring the technical aspects. This paper addresses the articulation between gender, water management and indicators, using male, female and mixed farmer organizations as touchstones in three regions of Senegal. The authors defines a system of water gender indicators grouped into five sections. The first results show more similarities between mixed and female organizations, while the main gender inequalities are visible in the water technique and economic domains. Thanks to this study, we can see how a gender-based analysis may allow to more deeply understand some more or less "hidden" water governance mechanisms and their related implications in terms of project management and policy making.

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Freshwater Availability and Water Fetching Distance Affect Child Health in Sub-Saharan Africa

Cited by 215 publications

References 37 publications

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

The Relationship Between Distance to Water Source and Moderate-to-Severe Diarrhea in the Global Enterics Multi-Center Study in Kenya, 2008–2011

Water Gender Indicators in Agriculture: A Study of Horticultural Farmer Organizations in Senegal

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