Frailty predicts worse outcomes for spine surgery patients with interhospital transfer status: Analysis of 295,875 patients from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) 2015–2019

The modified 5-item frailty index as a predictor of complications in burn patients

“…To calculate mFI-5, the following comorbidities were considered: hypertension requiring medication, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and totally or partially dependent functional health status ( Table 1 ). Consistent with previous literature, 15 , 16 , 17 the mFI-5 score was calculated by dividing the sum of all positive variables by the total number of input variables in the database, with a higher mFI-5 score indicating a higher degree of frailty. This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Hannover Medical.…”

Letter: A Pathway to Safe Spine Surgery in Underweight Frail Patients: The Revised Risk Analysis Index Displays Remarkable Discrimination for 30-Day Postoperative Mortality and Nonhome Discharge

“…2,4 Their increased risk of unfavorable postoperative outcomes may be attributed to reduced system-wide resilience, potentially impeding wound healing and recovery. 2,4 These patients have increased risk of developing major and lifethreatening complications, 30-day postoperative mortality, and nonhome discharge (NHD). 2,4 Frailty is defined as a multimodal, age-related decline in physiological reserve, resulting in a decreased ability to cope with imposed stressors.…”

“…2,4 These patients have increased risk of developing major and lifethreatening complications, 30-day postoperative mortality, and nonhome discharge (NHD). 2,4 Frailty is defined as a multimodal, age-related decline in physiological reserve, resulting in a decreased ability to cope with imposed stressors. 5,6 A variety of clinical and biochemical variables can be used to assess frailty by examining various frailty domains and offering a comprehensive insight into a patient's overall health status.…”

“…[4][5][6] Preoperative frailty risk assessment is vital in shared decision-making because it can significantly enhance preoperative patient education, surgical planning, precise risk-benefit discussions, and provide multidisciplinary approach to care delivery. [3][4][5][6] Ultimately, frailty assessment may lead to improved patient outcomes because it allows for focusing extra resources and time for more vulnerable patients. 3 The paucity of data between frailty and low body mass index (BMI) provides an opportunity for investigation.…”

“…Our Institutional Review Board approved this study, and we adhered to the ACS-NSQIP data use agreement. We used the RAI-rev, 6 a simple-to-administer 11-item questionnaire that assesses 5 domains of frailty, including social, physical, cognitive, nutritional, and functional aspects, and the mFI-5, 4 which is based on a 5-factor index: diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, functional dependency, congestive heart failure, and hypertension (Table ), to classify patients into 1 of 4 categories: robust, typical, frail, and very frail. We present descriptive statistics and receiver operator characteristic comparisons for RAI-rev, mFI-5, greater patient age, and BMI.…”